Most often, genetic tests are performed to establish paternity. However, there are other situations when these analyzes are indispensable. How to donate DNA and why these tests are needed, we will talk in this article.
When is it necessary to undergo a genetic test?
- Establishing paternity. This is the most common reason for undergoing an expensive analysis. This is important not only for men who are charged with the responsibility of raising someone else's child, but also for women who have had careless intimate relationships with different partners in a short period of time.
- If there are severe health disorders in the family, then future parents want to warn their child against diseases by identifying the percentage of predisposition. DNA analysis methods are selected by a specialist individually.
- Establishing relationship. Orphans want to find their parents, and genetic tests can provide a list of alleged relatives around the world.
- The definition of ethnicity. With the help of DNA analysis, you can find out belonging to a particular people.
- Desire to find famous ancestors. Nowadays it has become fashionable to seek out rich and famous relatives among Russian tsars and foreign emperors.
In any case, the database is most extensively represented by Jews, Swedes, Irish, Germans and less by Slavic peoples.
How to donate DNA? Types of samples
The detectives show that in order to determine paternity in medical clinics, DNA analysis requires saliva, hair and nails of the alleged father and child. In real life, a genetic test can be carried out in medical institutions and at home. For analysis, blood from a vein, semen, saliva, skin cells (burrs) or hair roots are suitable. Some experts use muscle tissue, toothbrushes, cigarette butts, chewing gum, hair on a comb, a razor, semen, and blood on clothes in these studies.
Blood from a finger or from a vein is taken on an empty stomach. Collection of saliva in a test tube also occurs before brushing your teeth. If you want to do a DNA test in secret from any person, then take the above samples with medical gloves or with clean tweezers, a sheet of paper.
Multiple DNA samples are needed from one person to get an accurate result. Send them in a paper envelope. Please note that when wet, toothbrushes, chewing gum, a razor and other items cannot be placed in an envelope. Wait for them to dry on their own.
Collection of saliva at home. Modern technologies
How to do a DNA test at home? Find a medical institution and order the delivery of special tubes. Next, collect the necessary material in separate containers and send them by mail, courier or self-delivery to the clinic. Saliva can be collected as follows:
- in medical gloves, take a clean sheet of paper and fold it four times;
- unfold the paper and take a cotton swab;
- stick with a stick on the mucous surface of the tongue and cheeks;
- then run it along the folds of the sheet;
- put a stick in the folds and fold the paper;
- On the sheet, do not forget to write the last name on top.
Please note that do not take samples with your hands, without gloves and improvised materials, and do not put them in plastic packages, only in prepared test tubes or paper envelopes.
To determine various urological, gynecological infections and viruses, it is better to use a PCR detector, which will quickly and accurately determine the results.
Can pregnant women have a genetic test?
How to take DNA analysis for pregnant women? Previously, they did a puncture of the fetal bladder in order to take the material, but then there was a threat to the life of the child. Now paternity can be determined from the 9th week of pregnancy without risk to the health of the fetus and mother. This procedure is called prenatal non-invasive DNA paternity testing.
For this test, blood is taken from a woman and the alleged father from a vein (from a mother - 20 ml, from a man - 10 ml). If you need to check for paternity of several men, then the blood of all participants is donated at the same time.
It has been established that the composition of the placenta is similar to the DNA of the child. Therefore, when the cells of the placenta die and enter the mother's bloodstream, using complex bioinformatic algorithms, the fetal DNA is extracted and a relationship with the father is established.
If it is necessary to identify the presence of any diseases, then a few drops of blood from a finger are enough. A DNA test can detect more than 25 serious diseases (heart and immune diseases, cancer, obesity, diabetes, migraine, etc.).
Types of genetic tests and their cost
DNA testing is an expensive procedure. The more people involved in a genetic test, the more expensive the tests will cost you. If you want to do a test without people, then how to donate DNA in this case? Ask the centers if they do by item (comb with hair, handkerchief with mucus, toothbrushes, etc.), remember that not all clinics provide a full range of services.
There are the following types of tests:
- Establishing paternity will cost an average of 8-15 thousand rubles.
- Establishing the relationship of both parents and the child (children) costs in the region of 9-11 thousand rubles.
- A sibling DNA test reveals the presence of siblings. This procedure will cost an average of 13-24 thousand rubles. If you need to establish the relationship between the alleged relatives, then such a test can cost 16-27 thousand rubles.
- Avancular test reveals the relationship between uncles and aunts and will cost 13-17 thousand rubles.
- Establishing the relationship of grandparents will cost 13-19 thousand rubles.
- DNA testing is identical and will cost 9-18 thousand rubles.
- A mitochondrial test on the maternal side will cost 23-36 thousand rubles.
Where to do DNA analysis?
You can conduct a test in any clinic that deals with genetic research.
Please note that not all DNA tests are carried out in Russia, many laboratories use the services of foreign clinics. Therefore, their cost can be very expensive, but reliable. The fact is that when ordering tests abroad on your own, many letters are returned to the client due to the postal policy.
DNA analysis time can be from 4 to 10 days. Rush orders are much more expensive. When choosing a foreign center, look carefully, as DNA tests are done not only for people, but also for animals.
Thank you
The site provides reference information for informational purposes only. Diagnosis and treatment of diseases should be carried out under the supervision of a specialist. All drugs have contraindications. Expert advice is required!
Establishing paternity involves a series of procedures that are aimed at determining the relationship between a child and a man, presumably being his biological father.Medicine operates with several basic methods for determining paternity. They differ in the technique and degree of complexity, in the materials used in the process, and of course, in the reliability of the results obtained. As a rule, studies related to the establishment of paternity are carried out by geneticists. In doing so, they use the following methods:
- by date of conception and gestational age;
- according to external signs;
- by DNA analysis.
Determination of paternity by date of conception and gestational age
By date of conception
Often, if during one menstrual cycle a woman had sexual intercourse with several men, it becomes necessary to establish paternity. In such situations, for the purpose of a preliminary and very inaccurate determination of paternity, you can try to calculate the specific date on which the maximum chance of conception occurred. Accordingly, a man who had sexual intercourse with a woman shortly after or before this date has a high probability of being the father of the child.It is known that if a woman has a regular menstrual cycle, then the maximum probability of conception occurs in the middle of the menstrual cycle, approximately 14-15 days from the start of the next menstruation. But as practical observations show, the moment of maximum probability of conception in many women is quite difficult to accurately determine.
Establishing paternity by comparing the possible date of conception and the date of sexual intercourse may be incorrect for another reason. The fact is that spermatozoa can retain their activity and ability to fertilize in the female body for 3-5 days after intercourse. And this means that conception could occur a few days after sexual intercourse. In this case, the father of the child may be a man who had sexual intercourse with a woman a few days before the optimal date for conception. A similar situation is possible even if a woman had sex directly on the date of conception with another man.
By gestational age
Establishing paternity is also possible by determining the gestational age, which can be approximately measured according to the indications of an ultrasound examination. However, even the most advanced ultrasound equipment is not able to set the date of conception with high accuracy, and indicate a specific date.Thus, establishing paternity based on determining the possible date of conception or measuring the gestational age is an extremely approximate and unreliable method. It can only have a complementary value. In addition, this technique becomes practically useless if a woman has had sexual intercourse with various partners for a short period of time.
Determination of paternity by external signs
Various elements of a person's appearance, such as the color of hair, eyes or skin, similarities in facial features, etc., can only serve as an indirect, and very unreliable reason for refuting or confirming paternity. This is explained by the fact that, although external signs are set genetically, they can vary widely and have different degrees of manifestation in each case. In addition, the inconsistency of the method of establishing paternity based on the external similarity of a man and a child is confirmed by the fact of the existence of twins. This is the name of people who do not have any family ties, but at the same time are very similar to each other in their appearance.
Determination of paternity by blood type
There are over 20 different blood group systems in the human population. Only two of them are most commonly used:1. AB0 system. Most often, it is this system that is meant when they talk about "blood type".
2. Rh factor. Differences in the Rh factor of the blood.
Both of these systems of dividing blood into groups are genetically determined and, therefore, open up some possibilities for determining paternity. The very principle of establishing paternity by the Rh factor and blood group is based on the fact that the parameters of the child's blood depend on the set of genes that the mother and father will pass on to him.
AB0 system
In this system, 4 blood groups are distinguished:- I or 0 (zero);
- II - A;
- III-B;
- IV-AB.
Determining paternity based on a blood type cannot be considered an accurate method, although it has greater reliability than those described above. This technique is considered rather indicative, and is used as a screening preliminary study before conducting a DNA test. A blood test provides irrefutable evidence only in rare cases. For example, if the child has I blood type, and the father has IV.
Rh factor
According to the system of Rh factors, only two groups are distinguished - Rh-negative (Rh-) and Rh-positive (Rh +). Accordingly, their difference lies in the presence or absence of specific antibodies (Rhesus factor) in human blood.The establishment of paternity by the Rh factor is less reliable than on the basis of the AB0 system. Even Rh-positive parents can have a child with Rh-negative blood. However, with Rh-negative parents, the child will also always have a negative Rh factor. Therefore, the only case when it can be unequivocally stated that a man is not the biological father of a child occurs in a situation where both parents have a negative Rh factor, and the child is positive.
Determination of paternity by blood type serves as a preliminary method for assessing the presence of consanguinity between a child and a man. The peculiarity of this method lies in the fact that a negative result will be 99% accurate, and a positive one is practically not significant. In addition, this analysis can be carried out only after the birth of a child, when it becomes possible to examine his blood type.
Determination of paternity by DNA
Sometimes in life situations arise when it is necessary to establish the degree of relationship of people with a sufficient degree of certainty. This includes cases that are related to family reunification, solving various legal problems, researching the compatibility of fabrics, etc. Just a few decades ago, such a task was solved with great difficulty and extremely doubtful reliability of the results. But after biologists learned to decipher the DNA code, genetic research methods were created that made it possible to answer with high accuracy the question of whether there is a biological relationship between two people. Including similar technologies are used in determining paternity. Each person carries a completely unique genetic information. It is encoded in DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). These giant molecules are present in any cell of the human body that has a nucleus. DNA molecules are organized into complex structures called chromosomes.
Each of the chromosomes is contained in each of the somatic cells in two copies. The Greek word "soma" means "body", so the cells that make up the human body are called somatic. The only exception - non-somatic cells - are sex cells: spermatozoa in men and eggs in women. They differ from somatic ones in that in them all chromosomes are not contained in pairs, but only in the singular.
Why did nature provide for such a difference? As you know, at conception, the spermatozoon merges with the egg and the union of their chromosome set, that is, the genetic material that they contain. The child receives one chromosome from each pair from the father (the sperm chromosome), and the second from the mother (the egg chromosome). In this way, the child receives a complete chromosome set, and inherits the gene material of his parents - therefore, he often looks like them. But on the other hand, combinations of male and female chromosomes can be formed in billions of different options - this is what determines the individuality of each person.
DNA analysis to determine paternity
This method is based precisely on this duality of the child's DNA: on the one hand, it is unique in its own way, on the other hand, it arose as a result of a combination of parts of maternal and paternal DNA. Modern technologies of molecular genetic research allow doctors to identify maternal and paternal DNA components in any person. In addition, it is possible to trace the transmission of certain DNA fragments in mother-child or father-child pairs. Indeed, in the case of confirmation of relationship, DNA fragments in the compared pairs coincide almost completely.Legal significance
A DNA paternity test is considered so reliable that its results even have official legal force. According to the Order of the Ministry of Health, to prove the fact of paternity, it is enough to conduct a study with an accuracy of 99.90%. Modern technology allows you to achieve even greater accuracy, but most often this is simply not necessary. A correctly calculated probability of paternity, equal to 99.90%, is quite sufficient to use the wording adopted in the scientific world and legal practice: "paternity is practically proven." The exclusion of the fact of paternity in order to recognize it as legally significant requires obtaining at least three discrepancies between the studied DNA fragments of the child and his alleged father.
It should be remembered that without material taken from the mother of the child, it is more difficult to achieve the level of necessary reliability of the study than in the case of testing all family members. That is why, if a DNA examination is performed to challenge or determine paternity in court, then judges often insist on the simultaneous collection of materials from the child, his alleged father and biological mother. This is necessary so that the conclusion issued by the forensic expert does not raise any doubts.
Determination of paternity using the study of DNA molecules is an opportunity to obtain a completely reliable and scientifically substantiated result. This opinion can become an important argument in solving many legal problems, for example, in divorce proceedings and the recovery of alimony, the determination of heirs and the distribution of inheritance, immigration and many other issues.
How is the conclusion of a DNA analysis to determine paternity formulated?
After conducting a DNA analysis to establish paternity, a conclusion is issued containing one of the following conclusions:1. The result is positive– the man is NOT EXCLUDED as the biological father of this child (the probability of paternity is 99.9%).
2. The result is negative– the man is EXCLUDED as the biological father of this child (the probability of paternity is 100% excluded).
Theoretically, it is possible for another person to exist in the world with a genetic set that is absolutely identical to the genetic passport of the person being tested. For example, this situation is observed in identical twins, whose gene material matches each other by 100%. This probability is associated with a small deviation from a completely reliable positive result in a DNA paternity test. But, in the vast majority of cases, the establishment of paternity with a probability of 99.9% will mean its proof. And a negative result with the correct sampling of the material and the correct conduct of the study is always unambiguously true.
What biological materials can be used in DNA analysis to determine paternity?
DNA molecules can be isolated from many different sources. Previously, only blood taken from a vein was used to determine paternity by DNA. However, such blood samples should only be taken by a qualified healthcare professional, and in a hospital or at least a polyclinic setting. For many clients, and especially for children, this method is not always acceptable. To date, the range of materials for DNA research has expanded tremendously. Now it is possible to perform DNA analysis not only on blood from a vein, but also on hair, saliva, nails, etc.buccal epithelium
At the moment, the most preferred, easy and common method of taking a reference sample for research is the use of a buccal (buccal) swab. At the same time, epithelial cells of the oral mucosa are used for genetic analysis, which are taken on the inside of the cheek with a cotton swab. This is a non-invasive (that is, does not injure the tissues of the body) and absolutely painless method, in which the collection of material takes about a minute. In addition, it does not require the presence of medical professionals, and can be performed by the patient at a time when it is convenient for him, without even leaving home. Also, the use of buccal epithelium reduces the likelihood of contamination of the material for analysis. DNA paternity test based on non-standard samples
If taking the buccal epithelium is not possible or difficult, then other methods can be used. As a source of DNA when performing private and anonymous studies, in addition to the standard sample of buccal epithelium, almost any object containing human DNA can be used:- blood samples;
- saliva;
- teeth;
- nails;
- sperm;
- samples from tissue biopsy storage;
- rooted hair and other suitable biological tissues.
- toothbrushes;
- razor blades;
- cigarette butts;
- handkerchiefs;
- napkins;
- clothes, etc.
In addition, despite the use of the most modern methods of genetic examination, it is impossible in some cases to isolate DNA from such non-standard samples due to its complete absence.
DNA analysis to determine paternity
A control tissue sample is carefully analyzed to create a DNA profile of the person. Subsequently, this DNA profile is compared with another sample in order to determine the genetic similarity.polymerase chain reaction
To create a human DNA profile, it is not enough to simply isolate deoxyribonucleic acid from the provided material. The study will be successful only if there are enough DNA molecules, that is, a fairly large number. For this purpose, a process called the polymerase chain reaction is used. This reaction multiplies or amplifies the DNA sample that has been isolated from the starting material. The result is several billion absolutely exact copies of the same DNA obtained from a person. Geneticists are already working with this number of DNA molecules.loci research
The locus of DNA is its strictly defined part, which is subjected to research and comparison. 99.9% of the sequences found in human DNA are the same in composition, but, nevertheless, the DNA of different people carry a sufficient number of individual differences. There are parts of the DNA molecule that are unique to each person. This fact is what makes us different.The accuracy of DNA analysis is primarily affected by the number of genetic loci studied. The more sites that define our uniqueness are explored, the higher the likelihood of refutation or confirmation of paternity. Currently, it is customary to analyze from 16 to 40 different loci on each DNA sample. This provides over 99.99% confidence in establishing biological paternity, and 100% success in excluding it. In addition, often the analysis is carried out by two independent research teams, and the data obtained are subsequently verified. This procedure avoids errors associated with accidental contamination of the material, or inaccuracies when working with it.
Determination of paternity during pregnancy
Establishing paternity early in pregnancy traditionally refers to prenatal diagnosis. To determine paternity during pregnancy, it is first necessary to take biological material from the fetus. This procedure is strongly recommended to be carried out only in a specialized medical institution, since it may be associated with possible risks of complications. In the situation when paternity must be determined before the birth of the child, DNA testing is used based on the biological materials of the fetus, which are obtained as follows:
- Biopsy of chorionic villi. Material sampling is carried out at a period of 9 to 12 weeks of pregnancy. In order to obtain biological material, a specialist, under the control of an ultrasound machine, inserts a needle through the anterior wall of the abdomen or vagina, reaching the fetal membrane. The chance of abortion during this procedure is about 2%.
- Amniocentesis. The procedure for obtaining amniotic fluid (amniotic fluid) for subsequent genetic testing. Amniocentesis is most often performed between 14 and 20 weeks of pregnancy. The procedure for the selection of amniotic fluid is carried out by a specialist gynecologist. He, under the control of an ultrasound machine, inserts a thin and long needle through the tissues of the anterior abdominal wall, penetrates the wall of the uterus, and collects the amount of amniotic fluid necessary for the study. The chance of developing complications or spontaneous abortion during amniocentesis is about 1%.
- Cordocentesis. In the process of cordocentesis, fetal blood is taken directly from the vessels of the umbilical cord. This procedure is carried out at a gestational age exceeding 18-20 weeks. The chance of complications when using this method is less than 1%.
Non-Invasive Prenatal Paternity Testing
According to American scientists, they have developed a non-invasive way to determine paternity during pregnancy. Genetic testing is performed using a special technique in which a small amount of DNA is analyzed. This test can be used already in the first trimester, most often after the 10th week of pregnancy. Analysis at an earlier date does not guarantee that a sufficient amount of fetal DNA is obtained from the mother's blood plasma. Testing is carried out by examining a number of venous blood samples taken from the expectant mother and the alleged father.The prenatal non-invasive paternity test uses free-circulating fetal DNA testing. Some of it during pregnancy is in the blood of the expectant mother. Modern technologies used in genetics make it possible to isolate it and compare it with the DNA of the mother and a possible biological father.
A new non-invasive paternity test could replace the methods of fetal DNA profiling listed above, which are unsafe for mother and child health. According to scientists, it has the same high accuracy, but it is more preferable, because during its implementation there is no threat of complications and early termination of pregnancy.
Conclusion
The minimum period for establishing biological relationship and conducting research to determine paternity is 3 days. However, in most cases, qualitative analysis will require ten days to two weeks from the moment the biological materials arrive at the laboratory.Today, DNA testing can be carried out almost anywhere. There are even portable laboratories. And equipment for genetic identification of a person is produced by dozens of enterprises in many countries of the world. That is why the previously complex and exotic procedure is now becoming a common research method that anyone can use.
Before use, you should consult with a specialist.Our laboratory uses the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, which has replaced the previously used RFLP method because it is more accurate and can be used with small DNA fragments. For this reason, it is not necessary to use blood as genetic material, it is sufficient to use saliva.
A child inherits DNA from the mother (23 chromosomes) and from the father (also 23 chromosomes). Each parent is responsible for half of the child's DNA. Thus, a child (and every person) has 23 pairs of chromosomes. In each DNA section (locus) of a chromosome pair, there are certain DNA fragments (alleles) in each chromosome. A DNA test is done by identifying specific pieces of DNA (alleles) for a specific set of loci in the father, mother, and child. If the mother and father are the child's parents, then two pieces of DNA at each locus in the child's chromosomes must be inherited, one from each parent. Establishing paternity or motherhood is possible using these DNA fragments.
The DNA test is the most accurate method of establishing paternity. The accuracy in case of a negative answer is 100%.
The accuracy in case of a positive answer is 99.9+% - 99.99999%. Expert opinion confirming paternity - FATHER- cannot be made with 100% certainty, as there is always a theoretical possibility that there will be a twin brother of the tested father with the same genetic profile. The accuracy of the tests offered by our laboratory is the highest available in the world today.
This method is not a method of establishing paternity, blood types may coincide by chance. Only DNA testing can confirm or disprove paternity. Calculate the blood type and Rh factor of the child
What standards are used to ensure the accuracy of DNA tests?Our laboratory strictly adheres to the standards of international accreditations AABB, ISO, CLIA and others. Since we use at least 16 genetic markers, the results are usually quite definite - either 0% or 99.9+%. In difficult cases, when 16 markers cannot provide such high accuracy, the laboratory uses up to 33 markers
What is a buccal swab and is it as accurate as blood?A buccal swab is taken from the mouth with sterile cotton swabs. To take a smear, you need to rub the stick on the inside of the cheek for 10-20 seconds in a circular motion. The result of a DNA test will be as accurate as a blood test, since the DNA in all cells is the same.
Can regular ear swabs be used for swabs?For smears it is desirable to use sterile sticks, it is most convenient to purchase a kit for taking smears from our DNA center. However, you can also use ordinary cotton swabs - open a new package before taking the material and remove the cotton wrap from one side of the stick. Use 2-4 sticks for each participant and put in paper envelopes. See instructions for details.
How long can a smear be stored if I take it at home and bring it to you not immediately?The set with the taken genetic material can be stored for a long time - several months, however, we recommend that you do not delay its transfer for analysis, transfer it within 7-10 days, since the probability of successful DNA extraction decreases over time.
Is it possible to send me a smear kit and results without anyone knowing about it?We understand the sensitivity of the issue of establishing paternity. The set and results will be transferred to you in the most convenient way for you.
Can a paternity test be done without the mother?Yes, usually the test is done only for the father and the child. Mother's consent is not required. However, if the mother is also involved in the test, the test may be more accurate in some cases.
What if I want to do a DNA test on another child or another father?Additional family members can be included in the test - another father, child, for an additional fee, the cost of such a test will be cheaper than performing two separate tests.
At what age can a child be tested for paternity?Even a newborn can be a participant in a DNA test. Taking a saliva swab with a cotton swab is a painless and non-traumatic procedure. If the baby is breastfeeding, it is necessary that at least an hour has passed since the last feeding.
What happens to the samples after the test?We destroy samples as soon as the test is done and the results are in. Test participants' data is archived.
How will I receive the test results?The results can be obtained at DNA centers, or they can be sent by Russian post or any courier service, by e-mail and by phone. You choose the method of issuing results when ordering a test.
How to interpret test results?In the vast majority of cases, the conclusion contains an unambiguous result. The alleged father is either "excluded" or "not excluded" as the biological father. Each of the 15 identifying loci is analyzed separately, a paternity index is calculated from it, then the individual indices are combined to calculate a "combined paternity index". The higher the combined index, the higher the likelihood of paternity.
What does the result of a DNA paternity test look like?The result of a DNA paternity test is a letterhead document with a laboratory seal that contains a conclusion about the likelihood of paternity. In the case of a negative result, paternity is excluded, its probability is 0%. In the case of a positive result, paternity is not excluded, its probability is 99.9+%. In addition to the conclusion, the document contains the genetic passports of the test persons, that is, information about the DNA structure that is unique for each person.
What is the combined paternity index?The combined paternity index is a number that represents the likelihood of paternity. The number is calculated based on how common the genetic information found in test subjects is in your race population. The combined paternity index can generate a 99.999% probability of paternity, and even higher. For example, a KPI of 9,999,987 means that the chances of the alleged father being the biological father are 9,999,987 to one.
Is it possible to use the conclusion in court instances?The conclusion you receive from performing the analysis for your personal use can be used as a basis for filing a claim. Such analysis is done without identifying individuals. Analysis for the court is done with the identification of the participants, only it will have legal force.
Are the results confidential?Your results are strictly confidential and are issued only to you personally, to the postal or email address you specified. Any information on the analysis is reported only to the customer's telephone number indicated in the order form.
Can the test be done anonymously?You can, you can specify any names when ordering a test.
Do I need a referral from a doctor or court to order a DNA test?No, you don't need any referrals, it's your right to know the truth.
Is it possible to do a DNA test if for some reason it is not possible to take a buccal swab? Why are you offering such a low price for a DNA paternity test?Our laboratory is the largest in the world and thanks to the latest automated equipment, we do more tests per unit of time. So, our goal is to attract as many customers as possible, and not to earn a lot on one. At the same time, the quality of the test is at the level of world standards.
Can a paternity test be done before the baby is born?Yes, we can do a prenatal paternity test. The analysis that we offer is completely safe for the fetus, paternity is determined by the venous blood of the mother and the alleged father. Such an analysis is possible if the gestational age is at least 9 complete obstetric weeks.
Does DNA change after a blood transfusion?DNA does not change after a blood transfusion. In the case of blood sampling within 2-3 weeks after a blood transfusion, there is a small chance that a mixed DNA profile will be obtained (an undesirable situation). But this is not a problem when taking material from the oral cavity (oral swab - as in our case), or if more time has passed since the transfusion. All donated blood is cleared by this time.
In this case, you must inform us that there is such a situation. If it is not possible to test both putative fathers, we will run an extended analysis and calculate the chances that the next of kin may be the biological father. In any case, you can be sure of the result of the analysis.
What happens if I take the material incorrectly myself? Will I need to pay for the analysis again?In this case, you will have to resubmit the material. You don't need to pay anything.
Why such a fast DNA analysis? In other clinics, it is done for about a month.Since we do a large number of analyses, material is sent to the laboratory several times a week. Delivery of samples - 2 working days. The analysis itself takes 2-5 working days. If the analysis is urgent, it is sent immediately and runs with the highest priority.
The alleged father does not want to do a DNA test, how do I determine paternity?For analysis, you can use the material of the father's relatives - parents, children, brothers and sisters. An analysis of grandparents and grandchildren is as accurate as a paternity test.
The alleged father is far away, in another country. How can I do a DNA test?You can take the material yourself anywhere in the world and send it to us for analysis. It is stored for a long time, several months. You can also use the collection services of any doctors, including representative offices of our laboratory in 168 countries.
The legislation in force on the territory of the Russian Federation obliges parents to provide for their children financially until they reach the age of majority. At the same time, the basis for the emergence of such obligations is the very fact of consanguinity, as well as the Family Code of the Russian Federation. If for some reason the father refuses to recognize his child, a special DNA examination is carried out.
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Basic concepts
The main obligation of all parents in relation to children is their material support until they reach the age of 18 years.
But sometimes situations arise when a man does not recognize his paternity or is simply not sure that he is the blood parent of a child.
In this case, DNA testing is performed. This procedure allows you to establish the degree of consanguinity. Moreover, this procedure can be carried out both by decision of the court, and independently.
Those wishing to make it to persons need, first of all, to familiarize themselves with the following important issues:
- What it is?
- Why is it necessary?
- Where to apply?
What it is
The official name of the operation in question is a genealogical DNA test. It is a special procedure in which a close examination of the human genome is carried out.
As a result, you can get the most detailed information regarding genealogical relationships, as well as the origin of a person.
To date, there are three types of test of this type:
At the same time, the first method of conducting a study allows an analysis of all branches of a person - both maternal and paternal. The Y-DNA test can only be performed on males and includes the paternal lineage.
You can determine who is the father, grandfather and great-grandfather. mtDNA, on the contrary, can only be carried out for women - in order to determine motherhood.
Today, the Y-chromosomal research method is most often used to determine paternity.
If you want to find out who is the father of the girl, then autosomal is used. In this case, it is necessary to have two samples of genetic material at once - the original and the compared one.
Collection methods can be as follows:
- scraping of the inner surface of the cheek;
- saliva collection.
Also, blood or other tissues of the human body are often used as genetic material. For the most part, sampling is completely painless.
This is especially important, especially when it comes to testing a child. To find out how this test is done, you need to contact a specialized clinic. In this case, it is best to use the services of well-established companies.
Video: genetic examination of DNA
Why is it needed
The main purpose of this type of test is to establish:
- Paternity.
- Motherhood.
- Finding parents for a child.
Sometimes it happens that the child was lost by the parents in childhood, separated from them for another reason (mixed up in the hospital). In this case, a DNA test is often used to determine - in order to find their blood relatives. But much more often this procedure is carried out in order to establish paternity.
Today it often happens that, for various reasons, the father does not want to recognize his own child. The main reason for this behavior is an attempt to evade the fulfillment of their immediate parental responsibilities.
Such behavior is a violation of the Family Code of the Russian Federation. In order to force a parent to financially support his child, a paternity test is carried out.
If, as a result of its conduct, it is established that the man is the blood father of the child, then the court will oblige on the basis of the relevant article of the RF IC.
Where to go
To conduct the test, you must contact the appropriate medical institution that has special equipment, as well as permission to conduct activities of this kind.
Today, there are such institutions in almost every region of the Russian Federation. Therefore, there will be no problems with the procedure for establishing kinship.
But not always the father or mother voluntarily donate the appropriate samples to compare the genetic code.
In this case, before contacting a medical institution, it is imperative to write the appropriate to the court:
- world;
- district.
The Magistrate's Court may issue an appropriate order, on the basis of which the father will be forced to submit samples for examination, or the mother to provide the appropriate genetic material of the child - or vice versa (in the case of the opposite situation). At the same time, parents themselves do not need to know how a paternity test is carried out.
If, on the basis of the test, it will be necessary to deprive an individual of parental rights, then this case falls under the jurisdiction of the district court.
It should also be remembered that in some individual cases a DNA test may not be needed, the court may be guided by other factors that testify for paternity or against it.
The procedure for confirming the relationship
The very procedure for conducting an examination of the type in question has a large number of very different nuances. That is why it is imperative to study the preliminary legislative framework.
Also, various difficult situations often arise. For example, many are interested in the question - how to do a DNA test for paternity without a child.
In order to conduct a paternity test with maximum accuracy, it is necessary to have the genetic material of the following individuals:
- Father.
- Mothers.
- Child.
The procedure itself is actually the most common comparison of special enzymes contained in human DNA. The double helix of deoxyribonucleic acid contains 50% of the genes from the mother and the same number of genes from the father.
A special device determines in which part of the genetic chain the genetic information is located and analyzes it. First of all, information about the mother is isolated, the rest is compared with the paternal DNA.
If the child's loci (portions of genes inherited from the father) match those of the father, then the probability of consanguinity with the child is 99.9%.
If the result of the examination is negative, then there is in principle no relationship between the compared genetic chains. In this case, the court in any case recognizes paternity as invalid.
In this case, the procedure for establishing paternity can be initiated:
- after the birth of a child;
- before the birth of the fetus.
If in the first case the procedure for obtaining the genetic material of a child is quite simple to implement, then in the second case its implementation is extremely problematic, but real.
Genetic material is collected in an antenatal way - invasive way. The material is taken with a special needle. But this method is quite dangerous for the baby himself, it should be used only in extreme cases.
The most important questions for everyone involved in the genetic test are the following questions:
- How much time is required for its implementation?
- How reliable is the test?
Analysis time
Today, equipment for genetic examination allows for the analysis of genetic material in order to establish paternity in 1-2 weeks.
This period is determined by a large number of different factors:
- whether there is genetic material of the second parent;
- what kind of tissue is taken for analysis.
At the same time, many specialized companies offer their customers to undergo express testing. It will cost a little more, but at the same time, the waiting period can be reduced to several days - 2-4.
How reliable is the test
The reliability of the paternity test carried out on modern equipment allows us to guarantee an accuracy of 99.99% and even higher.
If there are any doubts as a result of the examination, then you can simply hand over the genetic material to another laboratory. In this way, the chance of an error occurring can be reduced.
How to do a DNA paternity test anonymously
Many genetic research centers provide an anonymous genetic testing service.
To do this, do the following:
- to carry out the sampling of genetic material - on this occasion it is best to consult with specialists (there are some nuances);
- provide them to the clinic;
- conclude the appropriate and pay for the service.
But it should be remembered that the results of a genetic test obtained in this way do not have legal force, they are not allowed to be provided as evidence to third parties. They may be used for informational purposes only.
FAQ
The process of establishing paternity is quite delicate. That is why various kinds of questions often arise.
The most frequent are the following:
| Question | Answer |
| Can it be done at home? | Today, it is becoming more and more popular to conduct a paternity test at home. But at the same time, this does not mean at all that it will be possible to carry it out independently. A pharmacy simply purchases a special kit containing swabs for collecting genetic material, as well as containers, instructions for use. After taking the material, it will be necessary to send it directly to a special medical laboratory. Answer can be received in 5 days |
| How to conduct an analysis without the presence of the father? | sometimes it happens that for some reason it is impossible to obtain the genetic material of the father. In this case, not the parent's fabrics, but the grandparents' ones are used. Since the test of the type in question allows you to establish kinship. Determination of paternity is thus also fairly accurate. |
