Mycology. What is mycology

Dictionary of medical terms

mycology (myco- + Greek logos teaching, science; syn. mycetology)

the branch of botany that studies fungi.

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov

mycology

mycology, pl. no, w. (from the Greek mykes - mushroom and logos - teaching) (special). Mushroom science.

New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.

mycology

and. The scientific discipline that studies mushrooms.

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

mycology

MYCOLOGY (from the Greek mykes - mushroom and ... logic) is the science that studies mushrooms.

Dutch mycologist H. Person and The System of Mushrooms (1821≈3

══Lit.: Yachevsky A. A., Fundamentals of Mycology, M.≈L., 1933; Kursanov L. I., Mycology, 2nd ed., M., 1940; Komarnitsky N. A., Essay on the history of the study of lower plants in Russia and the USSR, “Uch. app. Moscow State University, 1948, c. 129; Naumov N. A., On some topical issues of mycology, in the book: Problems of botany, century. 1, M.≈L., 1950; Bondartsev A. S., Polypore fungi of the European part of the USSR and the Caucasus, M.≈L., 1953; Kuprevich V.F., Transhel V.G., Rust fungi, V.A. 1 ≈ sem. Melampsorovye, M.≈L., 1957 (Flora of spore plants of the USSR, vol. 4, Mushrooms 1); Nikolaeva T. L., Ezhovik fungi, M.≈L., 1961 (Flora of spore plants of the USSR, vol. 6, Mushrooms 2); Ulyanishchev V.I., Mycoflora of Azerbaijan, vol. 1≈4, Baku, 1952≈67; Flora of spore plants of Kazakhstan, vol. 1≈8, A.-A., 1956≈73; Gäumann E., Die Pilze, Basel, 1949; Pilat A., Naše houby, t. 1≈2, Prague, 1952≈59; AI exopoulos C. I., Einführung in die Mykologie, 2 Aufl., Stuttg., 1966; KreiseI H., Grundzüge eines natürlichen Systems der Pilze, Jena, 1969.

:* for recycling,

:* in the biotechnology of products, including drugs (for example, penicillin), immunomodulatory polysaccharides,

:* fungi as plant pest pathogens

:* as medicines

:* as objects in biological research

• mushroom damage:

:* food spoilage,

:* destruction of wooden, textile and other products,

: * pathogens of plant diseases,

:* mycotoxicoses (fungal toxins - mycotoxins),

:* mycetism,

:* mycogenic allergies,

Fungi, distribution of fungi in nature, ecology, morphology and ultrastructure, physiology, genetic and biochemical properties, applied aspects:

• practical application of mushrooms to humans:
• as food (edible mushrooms, in the production of cheese, wine, beer),
• for recycling,
• in the biotechnology of products, including drugs (for example, penicillin), immunomodulatory polysaccharides,
• fungi as pathogens of plant pests
• as medicines
• as objects in biological research
• mushroom damage:
• food spoilage,
• destruction of wooden, textile and other products,
• plant pathogens,
• mycotoxicoses (fungal toxins - mycotoxins),
• mycetism (poisoning by fungi and their metabolic products),
• mycogenic allergies (caused by fungi),
• mycoses (human and animal diseases caused by fungi).

Story

Antiquity

It is believed that the first mention of mushrooms in scientific literature belongs to Aristotle. A student of Aristotle, Theophrastus, called the "father of botany", is probably the first of the ancient thinkers who tried to systematize the knowledge about the mushrooms known in antiquity. He mentions morels, truffles and champignons, which he calls μύκης , from this word later came one of the scientific names of mushrooms - lat. mycetes, and the name of the science of mycology. In addition, in his works under the general title έρυσιβη (lat. erysiphe) described plant diseases - powdery mildew and rust. The ancient scientists, of course, could not yet associate the origin of these diseases with fungi, but explained the influence of excess moisture. . Around 150 B.C. e. the poet, grammarian and physician Nicander of Colophon first divided mushrooms into edible and poisonous, this is considered the beginning of the classification of mushrooms.

In ancient Rome, descriptions of some mushrooms were also made. Dioscorides dedicated two chapters of his De materia medica to mushrooms. In addition to describing edible and poisonous mushrooms, he describes the medical use of the larch tinder fungus called agaricus, since then this name has been preserved in the pharmacopoeia (pharmacy agaric, lat. Agaricus officinalis). Among the mushrooms, Dioscorides singled out terrestrial, underground and growing on trees, such a classification can be called a division into ecological groups. Pliny the Elder considered mushrooms as a separate group fungi, like Nicander, he classified them as edible ( fungi esculenti) and poisonous ( fungi noxici and perniciosi). In his Natural History, Pliny described "species" of porous mushrooms ( fungus porosus), horn mushrooms ( fungus ramosus), Judas ear ( fungus sambuci), raincoats ( fungus pulverulentus), truffles ( tubera terrae), oyster mushrooms ( pezicae Plinii), larch tinder fungus ( fungus laricis, or agaricum). Pliny points to the abundance of tinder fungi on tree trunks and stumps in Gaul, correctly interprets these formations as mushrooms and notes that at night there is a glow of stumps with mushrooms.

In the Roman Empire, the properties of certain mushrooms were obviously well known. Caesar mushroom, called boletus, is mentioned in the "Satyricon" by Petronius and "Satires" by Juvenal (Satire V). It is believed that political opponents could be eliminated by serving them dishes prepared from pale toadstool instead of Caesar mushrooms. According to one version, the emperor Claudius was poisoned in this way.

Middle Ages

Ancient scientists did not conduct scientific research on mushrooms, but only briefly described them, mainly as food. With the fall of the Roman Empire, the classical ancient sciences also declined. Some medieval authors only recounted ancient information about mushrooms. The only known original work of this era belongs to the German nun Hildegard of Bingen, her manuscript "The Book of Plants" contains descriptions of mushrooms that are unique for that time in terms of number and completeness. Mentions of mushrooms in Russian written documents have been known since 1378 (a charter of the Paleostrovsky Monastery), and the Domostroy, a monument of Russian literature of the 16th century, contains teachings on how best to harvest mushrooms.

From Dolinnaean botanists to students of Linnaeus

With the beginning of the Renaissance, European scientists again began to study various groups of living organisms, including mushrooms. Their descriptions and drawings are found in herbalists appearing in Germany, Flanders since the 16th century (eng. Herbal ). In "Herbal" (German. Krauterbuch) Hieronymus Bock (1498-1554) there is a chapter on 5 pages containing descriptions of about 10 cap mushrooms and tinder fungi, distribution, season, edibility or toxicity and methods of preparing mushrooms are indicated. Bock has comparisons of descriptions with classical antique works. In The Herbalist (Dutch. Cruydeboeck, or Cruijdeboeck, Cruydt-Boeck) Rembert Dodons, who for two centuries served as a classic reference book on botany, mushrooms are one of six groups of plants, and are classified according to various criteria: form, toxicity, season of occurrence.

A contemporary of Dodons, the Italian naturalist Pier Andrea Cesalpino is called the founder of this scientific approach to the study of fungi. In his work De Plantis libri XVI, Cesalpino first pointed out the special position of fungi in the plant kingdom:

Cesalpino identified three "classes" of mushrooms - tuber, or Tartufi- underground; Pezicae- ground mushrooms without a leg; Fungi- cap mushrooms and tinder fungi. The last class was divided into 16 "taxa", whose names were based on Italian vernacular names. For example, for tubular fungi, which now belong to the order of boletes, the name was taken Suilli, or Porcini- "pork mushrooms". In modern nomenclature Suillus used as the name of a genus of oilers.

In Robert Hooke's Micrographia, published in 1664, the first drawings of the microscopic structures of fungi appear - "blue mold" and "rose rust". Hooke's "Rose Rust" can be identified as a fungus of the genus Phragmidium, and "blue mold" probably Aspergillus sp., although the pattern resembles more Myxomycete sporangia than Aspergillus conidiophores. Hooke only superficially described the discovered structures, without trying to give them any scientific interpretation. There are images of mushrooms and another pioneer of microscopic research - M. Malpighi. In his drawing of a tumor of a hawthorn, made in 1675, a rust fungus can be recognized. Gymnosporangium clavariiforme .

In Russia, Samuel Collins, the English court physician to Alexei Mikhailovich, wrote a small book on "the current state of Russia" which was published in 1671 in London. It contains two tables of drawings of "Russian mushrooms", made, however, rather in popular style. In the second half of the 17th - early 18th centuries, a number of herbalists and medical books appeared in Russia, some of which were translated from Western European languages, for example, translated in 1672 from German “The Book of the Cool Heliport Calling” or translated in 1705 “The Book of the Calling Agricultural<…>composed by Agapios the Cretan monk<…>in Venice 1674<…>". The translated books contain information about mushrooms as heavy food and causing harm to health, especially with frequent use. In the medical book of 1672 there is a recipe for gargling with a milk decoction of the mushroom “ Judas ears”. In another medical book, the exact year of writing of which is unknown, a detailed description is given of making an extract from porcini mushroomused for frostbite II and III degrees. The drawing in this medical book is probably the first image of mushrooms made in Russia.

S. Veillant (1669 - 1722)

There were no scientists directly specializing in mycology in the 17th-18th centuries, fungi were studied only by some systematic botanists along with flowering plants. For higher plants, significant material had already been accumulated, which made it possible by the 18th century to distinguish some natural groups, but the principles suitable for the natural classification of fungi did not yet exist. S. Veillant (1669-1722) proposed a criterion for the classification of mushrooms, which was included in the book "De plantes", published in 1727, after the death of the author. Veillant's classification was based on the structure of the undersurface of the cap, i.e. the hymenophore. Such a classification turned out to be very convenient and is still used in the collection of mushrooms, and the signs of the structure of the hymenophore, studied by modern methods, continue to be used in taxonomy. Veillant drew attention to the structure of fungi associated with their reproduction, but its function was unknown, and nothing was known at all about the reproduction of fungi. Weillant hardly believed in folk legends about the appearance of mushrooms from a lightning strike, from rot, dew, even from a shadow, but he could not explain how they reproduce. In 1729, this mystery was partially solved by P. A. Micheli, who discovered microscopic “seeds” in mushrooms that germinate if placed in a drop of water. Micheli described microscopic "flowers without stamens and corolla" in fungi, probably these structures were actually cystids or basidia without spores. In addition, Micheli was the first to make scientific descriptions of microscopic fungi, some of the genera he introduced are accepted in modern taxonomy ( Aspergillus, Botrytis, Mucor), and also studied the mechanism of the spread of the fungus Sphaerobolus stellatus, shooting from the fruiting body peridiol with spores. Micheli called the spores "seeds" and the peridiole the "fruit" of this fungus. In 1778, I. Hedwig showed that the "seeds" of cryptogams are fundamentally different from the seeds of flowering plants and proposed a name for them disputes. .

Representatives of the scientific school of Linnaeus, both his direct students and followers, made a significant contribution to the development of mycology. J. F. Earhart in 1793 published the first ever exsikat (replicated herbarium), which included several types of mushrooms. E. Acharius in 1798-1814 developed the first detailed system of lichens and laid the foundation for a new branch of biological sciences - lichenology. G. F. Link directly continued the work of Linnaeus on systematics and in 1824-1825 prepared descriptions of new types of mushrooms for the 4th edition of Species plantarum. The place of fungi in the system of the living world, indicated by Linnaeus, did not satisfy all scientists. O. von Munchausen proposed to separate mushrooms together with polyps into an “intermediate kingdom” ( Regnum Intermedium), and in 1795 J. Paul first used the term mycology. The author of the term is also called the English botanist M. J. Berkeley, who used it only from 1836. Berkeley, since 1860, in some of his works used the term fungology. H. Nees von Esenbeck in 1816 for the first time proposed to distinguish the kingdom of fungi ( Regnum Mycetoideum), its priority, however, was forgotten for a long time.

Floristic period in Russia

In addition to expeditionary reports and periodicals of the Academy of Sciences (“Academic News”, “New Monthly Works”), non-academic publications also began to appear in Russia, of which the journals published by A. T. Bolotov - “The Village Resident ...” and the appendix to "Moskovsky Vedomosti" "Economic store". They published practical articles. In particular, Bolotov (he was also the author of many articles in his publications) in 1780-1789 wrote a number of articles about champignons, which describe the signs of difference between these mushrooms and pale grebe, provide information on cultivation, storage and cooking, there are also articles about truffles, morels and some medicinal mushrooms - puffball and underground "deer mushroom" (probably Elaphomyces granulatus) .

In the last years of the 18th - the first half of the 19th century, floristic research became widespread, although state-funded academic expeditions ceased. Research began to be carried out near the places where scientists worked, works began to appear specifically dedicated to mushrooms. By the 1850s, floristic lists of mushrooms appeared in the Baltic, Moscow and St. Petersburg provinces, the Volga region, Ukraine, Bessarabia, Crimea, and the Arctic. Of particular importance from the works of this period is the work of I. A. Veinman “ Hymeno et Gasteromycetes hujusque in imperio Rossico observatas recensuit” (“Hymeno- and Gasteromycetes Observed in the Russian Empire”), published in 1836. This was the first major report on the fungal flora of Russia, which included 1132 species, indicating synonyms and locations, and a brief description of the habitat conditions. For the first time in Russia, Weinman consistently used the mushroom system of E. Fries. About 100 species included in this monograph are described by Weinman himself. In subsequent years, Weinman's work was continued by a number of scientists. V. M. Chernyaev in 1845 described 5 new genera of Gasteromycetes in Ukraine, three of which are accepted in modern taxonomy ( Discised, Trichaster And Endoptychum). I. G. Borshchov compiled reports on fungal floras and described new species from the St. Petersburg province, Arctic Siberia, the Aral-Caspian region, and the Chernigov province. In 1855-1856 Borshchov wrote the manuscript " Mycology Petropolitana”, containing descriptions and watercolor drawings of 200 species of mushrooms, however, this work was not published.

Creation of a taxonomy of mushrooms

Mycology and Phytopathology

Phytopathology is a section of biology and agriculture that studies the development and reproduction of phytopathogens on plants, methods of protection against damage. It is closely related to mycology, since a large number of phytopathogens are distinguished among mycological objects.

see also

• Application: list of mycological terms

Notes

1. , With. 7
2. , With. 416
3. , With. 8
4. , With. 417
5. , With. 9
6. , With. 13-14
7. , With. 417-418
8. , With. 10
9. , With. 418
10. , With. eleven
11. , With. 423
12. Collins S. The Present State of Russia, in a letter to a friend at London, written by an Eminent Person residing at the Great Tzars court at Mosco for the space of nine years. Illustrated with many copper plates. - London, 1671. - 144 p.

Man has been using mushrooms in food for many centuries, there are a huge number of recipes based on mushrooms. The variety of mushrooms is very extensive, geography has no boundaries. Mushrooms grow in a natural environment, for example, a forest, a field, and there are artificially grown ones. In addition to edible and poisonous mushrooms, there are pests that cause discomfort and harm not only to trees, but also to humans.

What is mycology

There is a section in science that deals with the study of the nature of fungi of all kinds. This section is called mycology. Mycology - μύκης - with other Greek mushroom. One of the branches of biology that studies fungi. Previously, mycology was part of botanical science, because fungi were classified as part of the plant kingdom. Therefore, having become an independent science, mycology has preserved the scientific traditions of botany.

Mushrooms that can create discomfort and trouble for a person are mainly concentrated in water. Mycology is now a science that studies heterotrophic and eukaryotic organisms that have weakly differentiated tissues, cell walls in a certain life cycle, and spores. Such organisms include both fungi and mushroom-like organisms, united in the kingdom Fungi seu Mycota.




In addition, people are susceptible to infection and development of fungal diseases of the nails, skin of the feet and hands:

• With a weakened immune system of the body;
• Wearing uncomfortable tight shoes;
• Having vascular diseases;
• sweating often;
• Side effect from drugs.

Mycology, as a science, assists in the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of allergic diseases, fungal infections, and immunodeficiency. Scientists involved in mycology conduct research for medicine, veterinary medicine, and sanitation. Conduct tests for fungus resistance of building materials, paints, fabrics, finishing materials.

The science of mycology: what does it study

Some types of mushrooms are used in cheese making, winemaking and brewing, the manufacture of drugs such as penicillin.

Mycological studies are also carried out in the field of harm caused by fungi:

• Negative effects on food;
• Reaction to fungal toxins;
• Destructive effect on trees, textiles, interior decoration;
• Fungi cause plant diseases;
• Provocation of diseases: mycoses and mycogenic diseases.




One of the sections of mycology is clinical. This section is responsible for research in the field of epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis of mycoses, and also gives a classification of fungal diseases. The result of these studies is the answers to the questions of such diseases as candidiasis, allergic diseases, ringworm.

Who is a mycologist

A specialist who treats fungal diseases in humans is called a mycologist. A mycologist is a doctor related to dermatology, whose duties include the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of fungal diseases of nails, skin, mucous membranes and human hair.

The mycologist makes diagnostics to identify the pathogen, helps to get rid of the disease caused by fungal pathogens.

His responsibilities include consulting the patient about the source of the pathogen and precautions; the carrier of the fungus can be not only a person, but personal items, hygiene items, furniture, animals, plants. Based on this, the mycologist must also find the source of infection.

He specializes in diseases caused by mold fungi:

• Microsporia;
• Epidermophytosis;
• Trichophytosis.




Using diagnostic and examination methods, the doctor determines the pathogen, what type it belongs to. Based on the information received, the mycologist prescribes treatment with medications, monitors its course, and also takes preventive measures. The mycologist must know the difference between mycotic lesions and diseases similar in symptoms, with the manifestation of which a dermatologist can help. It is necessary to come to an appointment with a mycologist with changes in the skin of the hands, feet and body, hair and nail plates.

Mycologist: a doctor who treats the skin

The competence of the mycologist includes non-fungal lesions of the nails, which at first glance are very similar to fungal diseases.

The reasons for such changes can be malnutrition, smoking, disorders in the cardiovascular system and respiratory organs, as well as hereditary diseases of the nails. And these lesions must be strictly distinguished, the treatment of the fungus will not have a positive result.

Non-fungal changes requiring an appointment with a mycologist:

1. Grooves on the nail plate, the cause of which is anemia - the content of red blood cells and hemoglobin is below normal.
2. The pale yellow tint of the nails, which is characteristic of smokers, as well as people with poor circulation, can also be caused by fungal infections, medication, and improper manicure.
3. Splitting of the nails, which can be caused by an allergy to nail polishes or detergents, trauma, or heredity.

Our hands are susceptible to burrs, which can come from using cleansers without gloves, from improper cuticle treatment, or from injury. Calluses on the feet and palms also belong to non-fungal lesions.

Fungal infections include:

1. Skin itching.
2. Dermatosis.
3. Actinomycosis caused by radiant fungi - affects any organs, most often occurs on the neck and face, inpatient treatment, surgical treatment of the focus is required.
4. Onychomycosis - damage to the nails by a fungus called dermatophyte, or others, treatment for about 3 months, less often up to a year.
5. Aspergillosis is a disease of the lungs and bronchi, caused by fungi of the genus aspergillus.
6. Mucormycosis - mold fungi cause diseases of the respiratory tract, the brain, and cases of death are not uncommon.
7. Fungal pneumonia - provoke mold, yeast-like, dimorphic and endemic fungi.

There is paronychia - the nail folds and tissues surrounding the nail are affected. Candidiasis - yeast-like fungi affect organs and organ systems: the mucous membrane of the mouth, nails, intestines, female and male genital organs. Pityriasis versicolor is a skin disease caused by yeast-like fungi.

The Tulian brothers depicted mushrooms in the form of an "unexplored new land" in a drawing in their book dating back to the middle of the 19th century. Mushroom sporulation - pycnidia look like mountains and volcanoes on this mysterious island; fruiting bodies of marsupial fungi with numerous branched processes form a forest, and smaller sporulation of fungi form thickets of shrubs

This is how the spore-bearing layer of the capped agaric fungus looks like in a modern scanning electron microscope at a magnification of 8 thousand times, seen with such details only in the 70s of the current century.

A special place is occupied by the work of the Italian mycologist P. A. Saccardo, who from 1882 to 1931 published a 25-volume work containing descriptions in Latin of all the species of mushrooms known at that time (about 80 thousand). This summary is still a necessary aid in the work of mycologists.

At the end of the XIX century. the differentiation of mycology into various branches began, connected, on the one hand, with the increased needs of the practical activities of people and, on the other hand, with the improvement of the research methods themselves, which made it possible not only to study the structure and development of the organism itself (details of the cell structure, features of its growth and etc.), but also to trace the results of the activity of this organism: its influence on the environment, the changes that it produces in it during growth and development.

The development of mycology in Russia is associated with the name of the outstanding scientist Mikhail Stepanovich Voronin (1838-1903), who is rightfully considered the father of Russian mycology. MS Voronin made a serious contribution to the study of the developmental cycles of a number of fungi, and was the first to discover trapping rings on the mycelium of predatory fungi. His studies of the causative agent of cabbage clubroot, sunflower rust and the causative agent of white rot of a number of vegetables are still relevant at the present time. Academician S.G. Voronin, an outstanding mycologist and researcher of the development cycles of many fungi, became a student and successor of Voronin's work. Navashin, who was a famous microscopist and researcher of the intracellular structures of fungi.

A.A. Yachevsky (1863-1932), who was not only a major researcher in the field of mycology and phytopathology, but also a talented popularizer and organizer of science. On his initiative, in 1902, a central phytopathological station was established at the St. Petersburg Botanical Garden, and in 1907, a bureau for mycology and phytopathology of the agricultural scientific committee, which took over the coordination of research work on the study of fungi.

The fundamental work of A.A. Yachevsky "Fundamentals of Mycology", published after his death, in 1933, has not lost its significance even now.

The development of Soviet mycology is also associated with the names of the outstanding mycologists N. N. Voronikhin, who compiled a reference book on fungal diseases of agricultural plants, V. A. Transhel, a researcher of rust fungi, A. S. Bondartsev, who created the most complete monograph on polypore fungi, and L. I. Kursanov, the author of the first fundamental textbook on mycology and founder of the Department of Lower Plants of Moscow State University, as well as N. A. Naumov, who conducted extensive and important research in various fields of mycology and phytopathology.

Twenties of the XX century. were marked by the rapid development of many branches of knowledge, including mycology. Classical mycology, which deals with the description and classification of fungi, was supplemented by physiology, biochemistry and genetics of fungi, soil mycology, which studies the role of fungi in the soil-forming process, etc. The greatest event in the field of mycology was the discovery in 1929 by the English microbiologist Alexander Fleming antibiotic penicillin - a substance that suppresses the development of certain pathogenic bacteria.

At present, mycology has become a very multifaceted science and its development is proceeding in several directions. Mushrooms - causative agents of diseases in humans and animals are engaged in medical mycology. Fungi and bacteria have been discovered that destroy, especially in conditions of high humidity, wood, books, paintings, frescoes and other works of art, varnish coatings, optical instruments, etc. Not only mycologists, but also microbiologists have joined in the fight against these biodamages, chemists. Their joint efforts discovered the mechanism of action of fungi and bacteria on various objects and materials and selected chemicals that prevent their development.

An important direction in mycology is the search for new raw materials for the microbiological industry. There are several directions here. One of them is the search for sources (producers) of new antibiotics, enzymes, and growth substances among fungi. Mushrooms from some genera of molds and from the genus of dung beetles were found, which secrete the active enzyme cellulase, which is necessary for the processing of raw materials in the paper industry, suitable for the preparation of roughage and the destruction of paper waste. The microbiological method, using microscopic fungi, produces the enzyme pectinase, which is used to improve the quality of fruit juices, and amylase, which is used to hydrolyze starch. The mold Aspergillus niger is used to produce citric acid. And more recently, russula, from which the enzyme russulin was obtained, was widely used in the manufacture of a number of different, especially hard, cheeses, replacing the deficient drug rennin, or rennet, obtained from the stomachs of calves. In the future, it is planned to use russulin as a drug, and extensive research is currently underway in this direction.

One of the areas of mycology is the study of the conditions under which producing fungi will produce the greatest amount of active substance. In these studies, the selection of producers in order to obtain more and more active forms of them is also of great importance. Selected forms of the penicillium fungus, for example, are 100 times more active than natural ones. Now mycology has a large arsenal of tools, among which is the use of mutagenic factors (chemicals, ultraviolet rays, radioactive substances, etc.) that cause hereditary changes in the body - mutations.

Naturally, none of the areas of modern mycology is able to develop successfully without an accurate knowledge of the fungus organism itself, its place in the fungal system, which often determines its properties. Hence, another important area of ​​research is the study of the fungi themselves, since not all of their species have been discovered and studied. Every year dozens of new fungi are described by scientists from different countries. Their system is constantly being improved.

Modern systematics, which is a compass in the complex world of fungi, is armed with the most modern electron microscopic, physiological, biochemical and mathematical methods, which provide great opportunities for improving the taxonomy of fungi, establishing evolutionary and phylogenetic (related) relationships between their individual groups.

The Greek word "mykos" means mushroom. Mycologists are specialists who study fungi. But there are not very many such "narrow" specialists in our country.

Mycology - the science of fungi, including pathogenic ones, studies the biological diversity of the world of fungi, their phylogeny and ontogenesis, relationships with each other and with other organisms, role in biogeocenoses, methods for identifying harmful fungi and protecting plants, animals and humans, industrial products and works of art from them, the practical use of fungi as food and feed raw materials, producers of biologically active substances, etc.

Mycologist's Dictionary

Hyphae are the thinnest, like cobwebs, underground fungal threads.

Mycelium, or mycelium, is a moldy felt, consisting of a dense interweaving of hyphae, is the fungus itself.

The fruiting body is what we all incorrectly call a fungus. After all, people do not call an apple an apple tree, and an apple tree an apple. But mushrooms are called so, because we see only the fruiting bodies, and the mushroom itself (mycelium) is hidden.

Plates - folds on the lower surface of the hats (remember russula).

Pores - round holes - tubules or angular narrow tubules, also on the lower surface of the caps (remember the boletus).

Both plates and pores serve to grow, mature and disperse spores.

The inner cover is a cobweb, or membranous, border with an iodine hat (remember champignon).

The ring is the part of the veil that remains on the leg of the old mushroom (remember the fly agaric).

Volvo, or vagina, is a cover, a cup-rim, where a tuberous “root”, for example, fly agaric, is inserted.

A tubercle is a swelling on a hat (remember a toadstool or another fungal species).

Field of study:

Branch of science:

• biological sciences
• medical sciences
• agricultural sciences

Application of Science

Specialized diagnostic and treatment-and-prophylactic care for patients with fungal infections, allergic diseases and patients with immunodeficiencies.

Training and retraining of medical personnel of various specialties in clinical mycology, allergology and immunology.

Training of scientific personnel (candidates and doctors of science) in medical mycology for the Russian Federation and foreign countries.

Basic and applied research in medical mycology (clinical, veterinary, sanitary, etc.)

Study of various drugs for antifungal activity and testing of diagnostic tools.

Tests for fungus resistance of building materials, fabrics, paints, etc.

General mycology

The place of mycology in the system of biological sciences. Mycology as a scientific basis for medical and veterinary mycology. The main stages in the development of medical mycology as a science.

1.1. The position of fungi in the general system of living organisms and the basis of ideas about their evolution.

The idea of ​​mushrooms as a separate kingdom of the organic world. Complexes of signs that bring mushrooms closer to plants and animals. Hypotheses about the origin of fungi. The main directions of the evolution of fungi.

1.2. Morphology of mushrooms.

The structure of the cell of fungi. Cell wall and its composition in different groups of fungi. The nature of the fungal septa. Pigments of fungi, their biological and diagnostic significance. Fungal cell organelles. The nucleus of fungi and features of its division.

The structure of the thallus of fungi, its evolution. Unspecialized somatic structures. Morphological and physiological classification of fungal structures.

1.3. Mushroom reproduction.

Vegetative and asexual reproduction. Types of sexual process in different groups of fungi. Homoi heterothallism. Heterokaryosis and parasexual process.

Ecological functions of spores. Disputes are propagative and resting. Morphogenesis, functions and evolution of fruiting bodies in different groups of fungi.

1.4. Fundamentals of physiology of fungi.

Nutrition, metabolism. Sources of organic and mineral nutrition. The main metabolic pathways, biologically active metabolites (enzymes, antibiotics, toxins, etc.).

1.5. Ecology of mushrooms.

1.6. Fundamentals of taxonomy of fungi.

Principles of construction of modern mushroom systems. Basic taxonomic criteria. Basic principles of mycological nomenclature.

Slime department. Origin and position in the system. Main classes, their characteristics.

Department of Oomikota. Group volume.

Class Oomycetes. General characteristics. Basic orders and families. Ecology. Meaning. Evolution in connection with landfall.

Class Hyphochytridiomycetes. General characteristics. Origin, phylogenetic relationships, position in the system.

Eumicote department. Group volume.

Class Chytridiomycetes. Thallus types. Asexual and sexual reproduction. Orders and families. Ecology. Practical value.

Class Zygomycetes. General characteristics. direction of evolution. Orders and families. Ecology. Meaning.

Class Trichomycetes. Structure, biology. Origin and position in the system.

Class Ascomycetes. General characteristics. The scope of the class and the principles of its division into subclasses.

Subclass Hemiascomycetes. General characteristics. Orders. Yeast. Class Endomycetes.

Subclass Euascomycetes. General characteristics. Types of fruiting bodies and their development. Principles of classification. Order groups: plectomycetes (cleistomycetes), pyrenomycetes, discomycetes. Orders and families, their characteristics.

Fundamentals of systematics of lichens. Ecology. Meaning.

Ascomycetes. Phylogenesis.

Class Basidiomycetes. General characteristics. The scope of the class and the principles of its division into subclasses.

Subclass Homobasidiomycetes. General characteristics. Order groups: hymenomycetes, gostromycetes. Exobasidial order.

Hymenomycetes. The structure of fruiting bodies: morphogenesis, microscopic features; their taxonomic importance. Principles of modern classification. Orders and basic families. Ecology. Poisonous and edible mushrooms. Cultivation of edible mushrooms.

Gasteromycetes. Types of ontogeny of fruiting bodies, their structure. Principles of classification. Orders. Ecology.

Subclass Heterobasidiomycetes. The volume of the group and its position in the system. Phylogenetic relationships of the group. General characteristics.

Subclass Theliomycetes. General characteristics. Rusty order. Features of biology. Families. Origin.

The order of the smuts. Biology. Phylogenetic relationships and position in the system. Families.

Origin and evolution of basidiomycetes.

Deuteromycete class. position in the mushroom system. Biology. Ecology. Modern principles of classification.

Phylogenetic relationships between individual groups of fungi and their reflection in the general system of fungi.

Clinical Mycology

2.1. Classification, epidemiology of mycoses.

Classification of mycoses. Epidemiology of dermatomycosis (dermatophytosis). Epidemiology of candidiasis. Epidemiology of nosocomial mycoses. Epidemiology of endemic mycoses.

2.2. Mycosis pathogenesis.

Factors of pathogenicity of causative agents of mycoses. Highly contagious and opportunistic micromycetes. Immune and non-immune mechanisms of antimycotic defense of the organism. Ecological, professional, domestic risk factors for the development of mycoses. Modern drug therapy, invasive methods of treatment as risk factors for the development of mycoses.

2.3. Diagnosis of mycoses.

The main methods of diagnosis of mycoses. Microscopic and cultural diagnostics. Histological diagnosis. Serological diagnosis. Instrumental methods for diagnosing mycoses (radiography, computed tomography, ultrasound, etc.). Criteria for the diagnosis of mycoses. Diagnosis of mycogenic allergy.

2.4. antifungal drugs.

Classification, general characteristics of antifungal drugs. Characteristics (drugs, mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, pharmacokinetics, indications for use, adverse reactions, drug interactions, use in various patient groups) of polyenes. Characterization of azoles. Characterization of glucan synthesis inhibitors. characterization of allylamines. Determination of the sensitivity of micromycetes to antifungal drugs. Methods of application of antifungal drugs: treatment of established disease, empirical therapy, primary and secondary prevention.

2.5. Dermatomycosis.

Mycosis of the skin: etiology, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis, treatment. Mycotic hair lesions: etiology, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis, treatment. Onychomycosis: etiology, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis, treatment. Skin-lymphatic sporotrichosis: risk factors, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis, treatment.

2.6. Candidiasis.

Causative agents of candidiasis, pathogenesis of superficial and invasive candidiasis. Skin candidiasis, candidal paronychia, onychomycosis: risk factors, clinic, diagnosis, treatment. Candidiasis of the gastrointestinal tract: risk factors, clinic, diagnosis, treatment. Genital candidiasis in women: risk factors, clinic, diagnosis, treatment. Urinary tract candidiasis: risk factors, clinic, diagnosis, treatment. Candidemia, acute disseminated candidiasis: risk factors, clinic, diagnosis, treatment, primary and secondary prevention. Chronic disseminated candidiasis: risk factors, clinic, diagnosis, treatment, primary and secondary prevention.

2.7. Aspergillosis.

Causative agents of aspergillosis, pathogenesis of various variants of aspergillosis. Invasive aspergillosis: risk factors, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis, treatment, primary and secondary prevention. Aspergilloma: risk factors, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis, treatment. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: risk factors, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis, treatment.

2.8. Cryptococcosis.

Epidemiology, pathogenesis of cryptococcosis. Cryptococcosis of the lungs: risk factors, clinic, diagnosis, treatment, prevention of relapse. Cryptococcal meningitis: risk factors, clinic, diagnosis, treatment, relapse prevention.

2.9. Zygomycoses.

Pathogens, pathogenesis of various clinical variants of zygomycosis. Rhinocerebral zygomycosis: risk factors, clinic, diagnosis, treatment. Zygomycosis of the lungs: risk factors, clinic, diagnosis, treatment. Zygomycosis of soft tissues: risk factors, clinic, diagnosis, treatment.

2.10. Hyalogyphomycosis.

Pathogens, pathogenesis of various clinical variants of hyalologhomycosis. Fusarium: etiology, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis, treatment. Penicilliosis: epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis, treatment. Pseudalesheriosis: etiology, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis, treatment.

2.11. Pheohyphomycosis.

Pathogens, pathogenesis of various clinical variants of pheogyphomycosis. Chromomycosis: etiology, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis, treatment. Mycetomas: etiology, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis, treatment. Mycotic keratitis: etiology, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis, treatment. Invasive pheogyphomycosis: etiology, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis, treatment.

2.12. endemic mycoses.

Histoplasmosis: epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis, treatment. Blastomycosis: epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis, treatment. Coccidioidosis: epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis, treatment. Paracoccidioidomycosis: epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis, treatment.

2.13. Mycoses in children.

The main risk factors for the development of mycoses in children. Mycosis in newborns. Dermatomycosis in children: etiology, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis and treatment. Candidiasis in children: etiology, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis and treatment. Chronic candidiasis of the skin and mucous membranes: pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis and treatment. Features of the use of antifungal drugs in children.

2.14. Mycotoxicosis.

Toxigenic micromycetes, their role and significance in mycopathology. Aflatoxicosis: clinic, treatment, prevention. Ochratoxicosis: clinic, treatment, prevention. Mycotoxicoses of the trichothecene group (alimentary toxic aleukia, stachybotryotoxicosis). Mycotoxicoses caused by gliotoxins.