• Every fourth employee sees no reason to be annoyed with his boss. A person in the wrong place Incompetence when a person is out of place

    25.08.2023

    177. Losses due to the need for training and retraining

    new employees are equal to:

    b) the quotient of the product of training costs and

    retraining for the share of staff turnover in the total number of dropouts

    on the coefficient of change in the number of employees.

    c) the product of the average daily output per person by

    employee productivity decline rate

    before dismissal for the number of days before dismissal, when

    there is a drop in labor productivity

    dropped out due to turnover.

    Losses caused by work interruptions

    178. Losses caused by a decrease in labor productivity in

    employees before dismissal are equal:

    a) the product of the average daily output per person

    for the average duration of the interruption caused by

    turnover and the number of people who left due to staff turnover;

    b) the quotient of dividing the product of the costs of training and re-

    taking into account the share of staff turnover in the total number of those who left

    on the coefficient of change in the number of employees.

    c) the product of the average daily output per person by

    employee productivity decline rate

    before dismissal for the number of days before dismissal, when

    there is a drop in labor productivity

    dropped out due to turnover.

    8.4 Managing employee turnover Steps for managing employee turnover

    179. Personnel turnover management goes through the following stages:

    a) determining the level of staff turnover;

    b) determination of the level of economic losses caused by

    staff turnover;

    c) determining the causes of staff turnover;

    d) determination of a system of measures aimed at

    overcoming the excessive level of staff turnover;

    e) psychological and organizational impact on

    workers prone to dismissal;

    f) determining the effect of the implementation of the developed

    measures to overcome excessive staff turnover.

    Topic 9. Professional success of an employee and career

    9.1 Profession. Classification of professions

    The concept of a profession

    180. Activity through which a person participates in life

    society and which serves as its main source of material

    livelihood is a profession in terms of…

    a) societies

    b) personality

    c) groups

    d) an employee

    Classification of professions

    181. Classification of professions according to the content of labor most fully

    developed…

    a) P. Sorokin

    b) E. Klimov

    c) F. Taylor

    d) M. Weber

    Classification of professions

    182.Professions may vary:

    a) according to the purposes of their implementation;

    b) by means of their implementation;

    c) according to working conditions;

    d) according to the degree of involvement of the creative principle;

    e) by the amount of the premium

    Classification of professions

    183. Professions according to the purposes of their performance are:

    a) gnostic

    b) transforming

    c) adaptive

    d) exploration

    9.2 The concept of professionalism. Levels, stages, stages of professionalism

    Criteria of professionalism

    184. An indicator of how the profession meets the requirements

    person, his motives, inclinations, how satisfied he is

    His profession is…

    a) objective criteria;

    b) subjective criteria;

    c) performance criteria;

    d) procedural criteria

    Criteria of professionalism

    185. An indicator of how a person is able to find new non-standard ways of solving professional problems, analyze professional

    situations, making professional decisions refers to…

    a) regulatory criteria;

    b) prognostic criteria;

    c) creative criteria;

    d) procedural criteria

    Criteria of professionalism

    186. The indicator of how much a person knows how to respect the honor and dignity of the profession, to see its unique contribution to society refers to ...

    a) the criterion of professional learning;

    b) the criterion of professional commitment;

    c) the criterion of competitiveness in the profession;

    d) the criterion of superprofessionalism.

    9.3 Employee career

    Progressive advancement of personality

    187. Progressive advancement of the individual in professional activities, characterized by the dynamics of its socio-economic status

    a) business career

    b) adaptation

    c) motivation and stimulation

    d) personnel reserve management

    Formalized view of the path of a specialist

    188.Formalized idea of ​​the path of a specialist to the target position

    a) career path

    b) competition when applying for a job

    c) competency model

    d) position analysis

    A set of measures for planning the growth of an employee

    189. A set of measures for planning, motivating and controlling the growth of an employee

    a) career development

    b) career management

    c) delegation of authority

    d) strategic human resource management

    Actions of the employee in the implementation of the career plan

    190. Actions of an employee in the implementation of a career plan

    a) career management

    b) career development

    c) career planning

    d) career path

    Matching career and age

    191. Correspondence between the career stage and the age of a specialist

    A) preliminary up to 25 years

    b) becoming 25-30 years old

    c) promotion 31-45 years

    d) conservation 46-55 years

    e) completion after 55 years

    Pre-career stage

    a) getting an education

    b) professional growth

    c) youth education

    d) advanced training

    Career stage

    a) formation of qualifications, professional skills

    b) getting a profession

    c) youth education

    d) consolidation of the achieved results

    Career Preservation Stage

    a) creative development of professional skills

    b) formation of professionalism

    c) youth education

    d) testing at different jobs

    Career types

    195. Rise to a higher level of the official hierarchy is ... a career

    a) vertical

    b) stepped

    c) centripetal

    d) intraorganizational

    Career types

    196. Type of career that involves moving to another functional area

    a) horizontal

    b) vertical

    c) interorganizational

    d) hidden

    Career types

    197. Type of career involving the passage of all stages within the same enterprise

    a) internal

    b) centripetal

    c) interorganizational

    d) stepped

    Career types

    198. Type of career involving promotion to the core, the leadership of the organization

    a) centripetal

    b) specialized

    c) hidden

    d) intraorganizational

    Progressive movement through positions

    199. A series of progressive movements through various positions, contributing to the development of both the organization and the employee

    a) service and professional promotion

    b) talent pool management

    c) career planning

    d) selection and placement of personnel

    Factors affecting a person's career

    200.The following factors influence a person's career:

    a) internal;

    b) adjacent;

    c) external;

    d) consecutive.

    9.4 Technology of selection of candidates for the reserve of managers

    Stages of promotion of leaders

    201. Specify the sequence of stages of promotion of line managers

    a) work with young professionals (2)

    b) work with line managers of the lower level of management (3)

    c) work with senior students of basic universities (1)

    d) work with line managers of middle management (4)

    e) work with line managers of senior management (5)

    Topic 10. Time management

    10.1 Essence of effective and inefficient time management

    Time Management

    202. Time management teaches (2 answers):

    a) spend time on the main thing, on the priority;

    b) highlight urgent cases and perform them in the first place;

    c) effectively organize your time in accordance with your goals;

    d) identify unimportant and non-urgent tasks and exclude them from their plans.

    Time management

    203. Not an element of time management:

    a) analysis of the use of working time;

    b) setting goals and planning working time;

    c) elimination of influences that interfere with the efficiency of activities

    d) rationalization of the use of the temporary resource of the enterprise

    204. The reasons for the loss of time of the head can be ranked:

    a) Weak motivation of employees; (5)

    b) Unscheduled work; (1)

    c) The manager’s lack of a clear distribution of work according to their degree of importance; (2)

    d) Poor communication within the organization; (4)

    e) Performance by the manager of tasks that could well be performed by subordinates. (3)

    Reasons for wasting time as a leader

    205. When compiling a list of tasks, you should not:

    a) write down all the tasks that need to be completed on a piece of paper;

    b) determine the deadlines for completing tasks;

    c) determine the resources needed to complete the tasks;

    d) prioritize.

        Developing Effective Time Management Skills

    Time Tracking Methods

    206. The most efficient way of keeping track of time:

    a) compiling a report on the time used;

    b) keeping records;

    c) formation of tasks for subordinates;

    d) planning of working time.

    Time Tracking Methods

    207. ____% of working time is subject to planning:

    b) 60%;

    Effective time management

    208. Subordinates cannot be delegated:

    a) specialized activity;

    b) private questions;

    c) high-risk tasks;

    d) preparatory work.

    Time Tracking Methods

    209. The optimal amount of time for negotiations:

    a) two hours

    b) one hour

    c) no more than 30 minutes;

    d) at least one and a half hours

    Topic 11. Stress management

    Development of stress management skills.

    210. Stress for the human body is a situation that: (2 answers)

    a) represents a danger to him;

    b) requires decision-making;

    c) very important for survival;

    d) does not matter from the point of view of physiology

    The impact of stress on the efficiency of production activities

    211. Workplace stress:

    a) does not require special measures;

    b) unproductively burns vital energy;

    c) leads to prompt decision-making in the workplace;

    d) is the subject of discussion.

    Eliminate stressors in the workplace.

    211. Match the stress elimination strategy to the type of factor:

    Factor type

    Stress Elimination Strategy

    2 Building and building a team, improving interpersonal communication skills

    2 Interpersonal conflicts

    3 Revision of the labor organization system

    3 Situational factors

    1 Efficient use of time, delegation of authority

    4 Expect Trouble

    4 Goal setting, small wins strategy

    Topic 12. Communication in the organization and business behavior.

    Ethics of business communication.

    12.1 The role of communication in personnel management.

    Communication process and its components

    The main and connecting process of management activities

    212. The process of exchanging messages, information between different individuals, social groups, organizations is called ...

    a) interaction;

    b) communication;

    c) relationships;

    d) mutual understanding.

    Communication process

    213. Translation of the idea of ​​the sender of the message into a systematic set

    characters understandable to the recipient is a process...

    a) encoding or encryption of the message;

    b) reception - decoding;

    c) feedback;

    d) signal transmission.

    Communication process

    214. Information containing the reaction of the recipient to the received

    message is...

    b) reception - decoding;

    c) feedback;

    d) signal transmission

    Communication process

    215. Receiver's attempt to decipher and understand received

    message, using your experience and the attached

    instructions is...

    a) coding or encryption of the message;

    b) reception - decoding;

    c) feedback;

    d) signal transmission.

    Communication barrier

    216. Communication barrier resulting from the fact that

    the same information is perceived differently by people,

    occupying different positions in society and organizations

    called….

    a) semantic;

    b) status;

    c) emotional;

    Communication barrier

    217. Communication barrier resulting from strong

    emotional impact of the signal on the recipient of information

    called...

    a) semantic;

    b) status;

    c) emotional;

    d) information-deficient.

    Communication barrier

    218. Communication barrier resulting from

    mechanical breakage of information or its fuzzy presentation

    called...

    a) semantic;

    b) status;

    c) emotional;

    d) information-deficient.

    12.2 Types and directions of intraorganizational communication

    219. Type of intraorganizational communication, in which

    information exchange takes place between employees

    organizations out of their connection with production duties

    and a place in the organizational hierarchy is called ...

    a) formal;

    b) informal;

    c) dependent;

    d) independent.

    Communication system in the organization

    220. Information in an organization that moves from a higher level of management to lower ones, from a leader to subordinates is called ...

    a) downward communication;

    b) upward communication;

    c) horizontal communication;

    Communication system in the organization

    221. Information in the organization carried out between employees,

    being at the same level: members of the same group, working

    same-level groups, between managers and staff

    one level is called...

    a) downward communication;

    b) upward communication;

    c) horizontal communication;

    d) parallel communication.

    12.3 Types and models of communications

    Communication types

    222. The type of interaction in which communication corresponds to that

    the social role that a person performs in a given

    organization, social status and the prevailing social

    hierarchy of positions of leadership and subordination is called ...

    c) group communication;

    d) intergroup communication.

    Communication types

    223. The type of interaction in which, in the role of both the sender and

    The recipient are individual individuals called…

    a) interpersonal communication;

    b) functional-role communication;

    c) group communication;

    d) intergroup communication.

    Communication types

    224. The type of interaction in which communication occurs between

    two or more people of a certain

    social group or organization is called...

    a) interpersonal communication;

    b) functional-role communication;

    c) group communication;

    d) intergroup communication.

    Communication models

    225. According to the sign systems used, communications are divided into:

    a) verbal;

    b) non-verbal;

    c) straight lines;

    d) indirect.

    Forms of communication

    226. Conferences, meetings, reports, presentations are _______

    form of communication in an organization.

    a) oral;

    b) written;

    c) non-verbal;

    d) special.

    Forms of communication

    227. Letters, memorandums, reports, notes, orders, electronic

    Email is the _________ form of communication in an organization.

    a) oral;

    b) written;

    c) non-verbal;

    d) special.

    228. Non-verbal means of communication include:

    a) visual;

    b) auditory;

    c) tactile;

    d) olfactory.

    e) sound.

    Methods (means) of communications

    229. Facial expressions, gestures, body movements, features of gait,

    poses, posture, gaze directions, hiding features

    physique refers to __________ means of non-verbal

    communications.

    a) visual;

    b) auditory;

    c) tactile;

    d) olfactory.

    Methods (means) of communications

    230. Everything that is connected with the touch of the interlocutors to each other

    Shaking hands, hugging, kissing, clapping on the shoulder refers to

    Means of non-verbal communication.

    a) visual;

    b) auditory;

    c) tactile;

    d) olfactory.

    Methods (means) of communications

    231. Pleasant and unpleasant smells of the surrounding space,

    as well as natural and artificial human odors

    refer to _______ means of non-verbal communication.

    a) visual;

    b) auditory;

    c) tactile;

    d) olfactory.

    12.4 Basic means and forms of business communication

    Forms of business communication

    232. A form of business communication that involves discussion

    business situations and problems for the purpose of collective search

    the most appropriate ways to resolve them is ...

    a) business conversation

    b) meeting;

    c) business negotiations;

    Forms of business communication

    233. A form of business communication that provides for the meaningful desire of one person, by means of words, to arouse a desire in another for action that changes the situation, or establishing new relationships between participants, is ...

    a) business conversation

    b) meeting;

    c) business negotiations;

    d) speaking in front of an audience.

    Business meeting types

    234. Types of business meeting:

    a) problematic;

    b) instructive;

    c) operational (control room);

    d) unpopular.

    Topic 13. Team building technology

    13.1 Features of a high-performing team

    Team Efficiency

    235. For a team to be effective, its members

    must have the following types of skills:

    a) professional;

    b) leadership;

    c) communicative;

    Team size

    236. The best teams have no more than:

    a) 40 50 people;

    b) 70 - 80 people;

    c) 10 - 12 people;

    d) 30 - 40 people.

    Team Efficiency

    237. The effectiveness of a team is its ability to achieve

    the following goals:

    a) introduction of innovations;

    b) performance improvement;

    c) ensuring the high quality of goods and services;

    d) meet the needs of employees;

    e) expand the organizational structure.

    13.2 Social roles of team members

    Role types

    238. Role directly related to official

    duties of a team member and covering

    professional competence is called:

    a) functional;

    b) command;

    c) main;

    d) direct.

    Role types

    239. Role, reflecting the way in which one contributes to the work and

    The relationship between team members is called:

    a) functional;

    b) command;

    c) main;

    d) direct.

    13.3 Team development

    Team development stages

    240. The stages of team development are

    a) formation;

    b) discord, close combat;

    c) normalization;

    d) efficiency;

    d) long range combat.

    Team development stages

    241. Determining work schedule and achieving cohesion

    commands correspond to the stage -

    a) formation;

    b) discord, close combat;

    c) normalization;

    d) efficiency;

    Team development stages

    242. Orientation, establishing contacts, establishing

    intra-group interaction and setting goals for the team

    corresponds to the stage

    a) formation;

    b) discord, close combat;

    c) normalization;

    d) efficiency;

    Team development stages

    243. Cooperation, solving work problems, maintaining

    team spirit, focus on achieving

    collective goals of the team corresponds to the stage -

    a) formation;

    b) discord, close combat;

    c) normalization;

    d) efficiency;

    Topic 14. Social and psychological climate of the team

    14.1 The concept of the psychological climate of the team

    The concept of the team

    244. A set of individuals interacting in a certain way

    with each other, aware of their belonging to this community

    and recognizing it as members from the point of view of others is called ...

    a) society;

    b) a team;

    c) union;

    d) union.

    Types of teams

    245. A team consisting of a small number of people between whom

    are established not only for business relationships, but also for relationships

    based on their individual characteristics is…

    a) primary;

    b) secondary;

    c) tertiary;

    d) subsequent.

    Types of teams

    246. A team consisting of people between whom there is almost no

    emotional relationships, their interaction is determined

    striving to achieve certain goals is ...

    a) primary;

    b) secondary;

    c) tertiary;

    d) subsequent.

    Emotional mood

    247. Relatively stable general emotional mood, which

    arises in a group in the process of joint labor activity

    called...

    a) social and labor climate;

    b) socio-psychological climate;

    c) social and cultural climate;

    d) social and moral climate.

    Socio-psychological climate

    248. Psychological climate acting for a person in character

    those relations that develop between members of the team in everyday life acts as -

    a) an objectively observable phenomenon;

    b) subjectively experienced state;

    c) psychological disorder;

    d) social and hygienic condition

    249. Style and methods of personnel management, attitudes towards employees,

    cohesion of the managerial level, ethics of interaction

    managerial and executive level refer to __________

    team climate.

    a) economic;

    b) managerial;

    c) psychological;

    d) legal.

    Factors that determine the state of the socio-economic climate

    250. The system of remuneration, the timeliness of its receipt, the establishment

    salary limits in accordance with labor costs, benefits, bonuses,

    allowances refer to ____________ factors that determine

    the state of the socio-psychological climate of the team.

    a) economic;

    b) managerial ;

    c) psychological;

    d) legal.

    Factors that determine the state of the socio-economic climate

    251. The relationship of employees among themselves, the level of conflict,

    state of interaction between departments, group

    opinions, norms and traditions of behavior refer to _____________

    factors that determine the state of socio-psychological

    team climate.

    a) economic;

    b) managerial ;

    c) psychological;

    d) legal.

    Topic 15. Conflicts in the team and ways to overcome them.

    Social tension in production.

    15.1 conflicts in the team

    Collision between team members

    252. An open clash between members of a collective that

    characterized by their confrontation based on opposite

    directed motives or judgments are ...

    a) a battle

    b) conflict;

    d) confrontation.

    Structure of the conflict

    253. Internal motivating forces that push the members of the team

    to conflict is...

    a) the subject of the conflict;

    c) the motives of the conflict;

    d) parties to the conflict;

    Structure of the conflict

    254. The display of the subject of the conflict in the minds of the members of the team is ...

    a) the subject of the conflict;

    b) the image of the conflict situation;

    c) the motives of the conflict;

    d) parties to the conflict;

    e) the positions of the conflicting parties.

    Structure of the conflict

    255. What causes conflict is

    a) the subject of the conflict;

    b) the image of the conflict situation;

    c) the motives of the conflict;

    d) parties to the conflict;

    e) the positions of the conflicting parties.

    Structure of the conflict

    256. What people say to each other during a conflict or negotiation

    processes are...

    a) the subject of the conflict;

    b) the image of the conflict situation;

    c) the motives of the conflict;

    d) parties to the conflict;

    e) the positions of the conflicting parties.

    15.2 The concept of social tension and the causes of social -

    labor conflicts

    Factors of social tension

    257. The causes of social tension are:

    a) internal;

    b) external;

    c) created;

    d) virtual.

    Types of labor relations

    258. In economic terms, there are a number of types of labor relations:

    a) profit is achieved at the expense of the interests of employees;

    b) profit is formed in a combination of the interests of the employee

    and employer;

    c) profit is obtained by harmonizing interests and

    self-government systems;

    d) profit is achieved independently of the worker and

    employer.

    Form of collective labor disputes

    259. Simultaneous concerted and organized shutdown

    in order to force the employer to comply with the requirements of employees

    workers are...

    b) clarifying the relationship;

    c) strike;

    d) demonstration.

    Topic 16. Social control in the organization

    16.1 The concept of social control

    The main elements of social control

    260. The main elements of social control:

    a) social norms;

    b) social sanctions;

    c) social guarantees;

    d) social benefits.

    Types of social control

    261. Social control exercised by the authorities

    and the team itself is called ...

    A ) external;

    b) internal;

    c) parallel;

    d) interested.

    Ways to exercise social control

    262. Ways of exercising social control in production:

    a) effective education;

    b) coercion;

    c) establishing the responsibility of the employee to the organization

    d) constant monitoring.

    Varieties of control

    263. In management practice, the main varieties are used

    control:

    a) preliminary;

    b) current;

    c) subsequent;

    d) final.

    264. Incompetence, when a person is “out of place” is..

    b) afunctional behavior;

    c) conservative behavior;

    d) imitative behavior

    Forms of destructive behavior

    265. Behavior in which true egoistic goals

    camouflaged by pseudo-activity - this is ...

    A). illegal behavior;

    b) afunctional behavior;

    c) conservative behavior;

    d) imitative behavior

    Forms of destructive behavior

    266. Behavior that counteracts innovation is

    a) unlawful conduct;

    b) afunctional behavior;

    c) conservative behavior;

    d) imitative behavior

    Types of deviant behavior

    267. Violation of the rules and norms of behavior of societies on the verge

    violations of the law, socially disapproved by the team and

    society is...

    a) deviant behavior;

    b) delinquent behavior;

    c) ambitious behavior;

    d) unconscious behavior.

    16.2 Work discipline as a condition for the successful operation of the organization

    Types of labor disciplines

    268. Main types of labor disciplines

    a) labor discipline;

    b) technological discipline;

    c) production discipline;

    d) corporate discipline.

    Types of labor disciplines

    269. Labor discipline includes:

    a) performance discipline;

    b) active discipline;

    c) self-discipline;

    d) natural discipline.

    16.3 Basic methods of labor discipline management

    Discipline management

    270. In the process of discipline management, the levels of state are distinguished:

    a) stable;

    b) developing;

    c) degradation;

    d) out of control

    Topic 17. The human factor of innovative processes in the organization

    17.1 Innovation and innovation as an object of management

    Types of innovation

    271. Types of innovations according to the degree of novelty:

    a) fundamentally new;

    b) fundamentally old;

    c) partial;

    d) local;

    e) imitation.

    Types of innovation

    272. Types of innovations by factors of social production:

    a) labor force;

    b) means of production;

    c) salary;

    d) product of labor;

    e) labor process

    Types of innovation

    273. Types of innovations by purpose:

    a) improvement;

    b) addition;

    c) substitution;

    d) beautification;

    e) displacement.

    Types of innovation

    274. Types of innovations by level of development and dissemination:

    a) state;

    b) regional;

    c) personal;

    d) industry;

    d) branded.

    17.2 Essence and main tasks of innovation management

    Types of organizational innovation strategies

    275. Modern types of innovative strategies of the organization:

    a) offensive;

    b) defensive;

    c) imitation;

    d) virtual.

    The main tasks of innovation management

    276. Tasks not solved by innovation management

    a) ensuring the optimal functioning of the system

    production;

    b) synchronization of the activity of functional subsystems;

    c) improvement of personnel management;

    d) solving routine tasks;

    e) exercising control.

    277. In the role of ____________________ innovation management

    may be one person or a group of workers who

    provide functioning and problem solving

    innovative development of a controlled system.

    a) the subject;

    b) object;

    c) the subject;

    d) funds.

    Element of innovation management

    278. ____________ of innovation management are innovations,

    innovation processes, as well as economic relations,

    arising between participants in the innovation market.

    a) the subject;

    b) an object;

    c) subject;

    d) means.

    17.3 Innovative workforce management

    Functions of innovative personnel management

    279. Functions of innovative personnel management:

    a) resource planning;

    b) recruitment and selection of personnel;

    c) assessment of employees and their work activities;

    d) training of leading personnel;

    e) hiring and dismissal of personnel

    Topic 18

    280. An employment contract is an agreement between an employee and an employer under which the employer is not required to:

    a) provide the employee with work according to the stipulated labor function;

    b) ensure working conditions;

    c) ensure career growth;

    d) pay wages to the employee on time and in full.

    Registration of labor relations

    281. In accordance with the employment contract, the employee is obliged (2 answers):

    a) personally perform the labor function determined by this agreement;

    b) to remain calm and self-possessed in stressful work situations;

    c) comply with the internal labor regulations in force in the organization;

    d) ensure interchangeability at the workplace in the absence of another employee.

    Registration of labor relations

    282. Main types of employment contracts:

    a) unlimited;

    b) urgent;

    c) urgent-perpetual;

    d) limited duration.

    Registration of labor relations

    283. When concluding an employment contract, a person applying for a job does not present to the employer:

    a) passport or other identity document;

    b) an insurance certificate of state pension insurance;

    c) medical records in case of chronic diseases;

    d) a document on education, qualifications or the availability of special knowledge - when applying for a job that requires special knowledge or special training.

    Registration of labor relations

    284. An employment contract comes into force (2 answers):

    a) from the date of its signing by the employee and the employer;

    b) from the moment of submission of documents to the personnel department;

    c) from the date of the actual admission of the employee to work with the knowledge or on behalf of the employer or his representative;

    d) the next day after the interview with an authorized employee of the personnel department.

    Registration of labor relations

    285. When issuing a work book, it is allowed:

    a) strikethrough of erroneous and incorrect entries, erasures and corrections in the text, entries like “corrected believe”;

    b) footnotes and entries in the lower or upper margins;

    c) entering the details of the order to change the position of the employee;

    d) use of ink other than black, blue or violet.

    Incompetence is a concept that is most often used in the business sphere of life and denotes a complete or partial discrepancy between the level of skills, knowledge, skills and other significant qualities of an employee, the requirements of his position or his status. At the same time, the meaning of incompetence is significantly expanded due to its many types: they include professional, intellectual, emotional, physical, social and ethical incompetence. Let's consider some of them.

    Professional incompetence

    In some areas, such as healthcare, the level of incompetence is especially important. The management of the company is called upon to ensure that the incompetence of employees is either eliminated or, better, not allowed.

    With regard to career growth based on the concept of incompetence, the so-called “Peter Principle” was put forward, which states that in a hierarchical system, each employee rises to the level of his incompetence.

    According to the Peter principle, any person working in any kind of hierarchical system will climb the corporate ladder until he occupies a high place where he will not cope with his duties. That is, to the level of their incompetence. It is at this level that a person will be stuck until they quit, retire, etc. despite the outward harmlessness, such a principle hints at the incompetence of any leader in any system built on the principle of hierarchy. Based on the fact that private firms can be considered as a hierarchical system, state. enterprises, the army, various institutions, including educational and medical, the scope of this principle is very wide.

    Lawrence Peter put forward his theory on the basis that all competent employees, as a rule, are promoted, while incompetent employees remain in place, not demoted (often due to the unwillingness of the manager to admit his mistake). Peter's system has been repeatedly criticized, but at the same time it has quite a few followers.

    Communicative incompetence

    This type of incompetence speaks of the inability to build relationships with other people. There can be many reasons for this kind of incompetence, let's consider some typical ones:

    1. Stereotypes, that is, simplified opinions about people and situations, which as a result blocks the understanding of situations and people.
    2. Prejudice, a tendency to reject everything unusual, different.
    3. The habit of neglecting the facts, and the desire to draw any conclusions without suitable grounds.
    4. Errors in the construction of phrases - inaccurate selection of words, illogicality, weak persuasiveness.
    5. Wrong choice of general strategy and tactics of communication.

    Often, all these phenomena lead to the fact that a person cannot normally contact others, which often interferes both in his personal life and in the professional sphere.

    Emotional incompetence

    There is also such a thing as emotional incompetence, which describes the lack of skills or their extremely low level of development in managing emotions. It entails committing human interaction with other people without the slightest regard for the emotional context.

    A vivid example of such a situation is a despotic boss who is used to raising his voice to employees, being rude, etc. Emotional incompetence leads to a loss of respect from employees and interferes with building any kind of relationship - both at work and in personal life.


    The research center of the recruiting portal site () decided to find out what annoys managers in the behavior and character of their employees and what, in turn, most irritates subordinates in the bosses.

    As it turned out, the most annoying factors for bosses are laziness and stupidity of subordinates (15% and 11%). Another 7% of company representatives reported that they lose their temper due to the non-performance of employees.

    The irresponsibility and dishonesty of the staff irritate 5% of managers each: “In subordinates, I am most annoyed by their lies. I prefer to know the true reason for their non-fulfillment of my instructions ... "; "Fear of responsibility"; "Dishonesty and deceit."

    4% of bosses do not tolerate incompetence, unprofessionalism and indifference of employees to work. The slowness and lack of independence of subordinates irritate 3% of employers.

    2% of managers are indignant because of the excessive self-confidence of employees, their unwillingness to learn and grow professionally, manifestations of negligence in work and disorganization.

    Insolence, quarrelsomeness, "inability to work in a team", obsession, the manner of "knocking" on colleagues and many other features of employees that irritate them were noted by 23% of bosses.

    And only 4% of the heads of Russian enterprises see no reason to be irritated with their subordinates. “The behavior of subordinates depends on the leader. If a leader gives a reason to subordinates, then he does not work well with personnel”; “There are no bad subordinates, there are bad leaders,” they rightly believe.

    As for the employees themselves, most often they are annoyed by incompetence, lack of knowledge and experience (6%). “A flagrant discrepancy between the business and professional qualities of the position held”; “Absolute incompetence in business. The man is out of place!" - the respondents are outraged.

    Disrespect on the part of managers and their unwillingness to delve into the problems of subordinates infuriate 5% of respondents. Another 4% of respondents are annoyed because of the arrogance, imbalance and stupidity of bosses: “Incomprehensible nervous breakdowns”; "Always trying to demonstrate his status as a boss."

    According to 3% of employees, they are especially nervous about the greed of the boss: “I have never met such stingy people!”

    2% of the respondents each indicated such traits and manners of leadership that irritate them, such as rudeness and bad manners, softness, a tendency to give empty promises and the habit of delaying salaries, inability to listen to others, inability to clearly formulate tasks, inconsistency and omniscience.

    The same number of study participants (2%) admitted that absolutely everything in their immediate supervisor makes them nervous: “The fact that he exists in nature at all”; "Everything is annoying."

    Among other annoying factors noted by employees (23%) are the cynicism and suspicion of superiors, untidy appearance and unpleasant timbre of voice, slowness, secrecy and lack of punctuality.

    Surprisingly, there are not so few employees who are not at all nervous about their managers - 24%. According to the respondents, there is nothing in the behavior of their bosses that could be annoying. Moreover, for many of them the leader is a role model: “Nothing irritates”; “What can be annoyance? You need to do your job well, and if necessary, reasonably defend your point of view”; "My boss is a wonderful person!"


    Time: December 14-19, 2010
    Target population: managers
    Sample size: 500 respondents

    Question:
    “Please indicate what annoys you the most in your subordinates?”

    "Laziness" - 15%
    "Laziness"; "Doing Nothing"; "Looking for a reason not to do anything"; "Reluctance to engage in routine"; “There is no desire to work and earn money”; "Lack of desire to work."

    "Stupidity" - 11%
    “Stupidity. As a rule, it is “inherited” from the predecessor ... When I recruit staff myself, I don’t take such people ... ”; "Ignorance"; "Unwillingness to think about what they say"; "Insurmountable stupidity."

    "Non-executive, optional" - 7%
    “A real leader will always find an approach to a subordinate, if, of course, it is possible and necessary to achieve a specific result from this subordinate. If it is impossible to get a result from a subordinate, then it is better to say goodbye to him. Non-executive employees are annoying”; "Failure to fulfill orders on time"; “Failure to perform work under the pretext that they did not understand the task”; "Fuzzy execution of the order."

    "Irresponsibility" - 5%
    "Irresponsibility"; “Rejection of responsibility for the committed act and carelessness”; "Fear of Responsibility"

    "Lies, dishonesty" - 5%
    "Lies"; “The thing that annoys me the most about subordinates is their lies. I prefer to know the true reason for their non-fulfillment of my instructions ... "; "Dishonesty"; "Deception"; "Dishonesty"; "Propensity to deceive."

    "Incompetence" - 4%
    "Incompetence at work"; "lack of competence".

    "Nothing annoys" - 4%
    “If something irritates in subordinates, then this is a flaw in the leader. Subordinates are a reflection of the leader”; “Nothing irritates me in subordinates”; “Nothing annoys me, you need to communicate correctly and have an approach to people, that’s why the boss exists”; “The behavior of subordinates depends on the leader. If a leader gives a reason to subordinates, then he does not work well with personnel”; "Nothing. I don’t get annoyed, I always try to understand or suggest”; "There are no bad subordinates, there are bad leaders."

    "Unprofessionalism, lack of qualifications" - 4%
    "I never get annoyed, but I don't like non-professionals"; "Dilettantism"; "Low level of qualification"; "Lack of proper qualifications."

    "Indifference, indifference to work" - 4%
    "Indifference to the assigned tasks"; "Indifference to work"; "Work without interest, showing off at work"; "Indifference to work."

    "Slowness" - 3%
    "Slow reaction..."; "Slowness"; "Inability to think quickly"; "Low speed".

    "Lack of independence" - 3%
    "Lack of independence"; “Lack of independence, inability to make decisions”; "Infancy".

    "Self-confidence, conceit" - 2%
    "Self-conceit"; "Self-confidence and exorbitant ambitions"; "Self-confidence in the absence of professional skills"; "Megalomania"; "Inadequate self-esteem!"; “Inconsistency of requests with the results of work and potential”; "Ignorance of one's place!"

    "Lack of desire to learn" - 2%
    "Reluctance to develop"; “Lack of desire to learn, to understand what is being done and why. I learned a long time ago to weed them out."

    "Indiscipline, disorganization" - 2%
    "Indiscipline"; "Disorganization"; "Incompetence in the performance of the task"; "lack of discipline"; "Laxity".

    "Negligence, sloppiness" - 2%
    "Disregard for customers!"; "Sloppiness"; "Negligence".

    "Other" - 23%
    "Unpunctuality, lateness"; "Lack of initiative"; "Gossip, empty talk"; "Personal affairs at work"; "Incontinence"; "Flattery, fawning"; "Passivity"; "Inattention"; "Frequent smoke breaks"; "Misunderstanding of the tasks"; "Envy"; "Friendship in the workplace to the detriment of work"; "Initiative in the absence of brains"; "Sometimes simplicity is worse than theft"; "Untidy appearance"; "Provision of unverified information"; "Squabbling"; "Fear"; "Squealing"; "Frequent gatherings in the kitchen"; “The desire to shift their immediate responsibilities to another employee”; "Obsessiveness, getting into the field of view of the authorities beyond measure"; "Impudence"; "Irrational approach to the work performed"; "Inability to work in a team"; "Inability to listen"; "Unpredictability"; "Cynicism, rudeness"; "Illiteracy"; "Insolence"; "Illiteracy and tediousness"; "Unwillingness to listen and hear"; "Uneducated"; "Contempt"; "Lack of dedication."

    “I find it difficult / do not want to answer” - 4%

    Location of the survey: Russia, all districts
    Time: December 14-15, 2010
    Study population: economically active population of Russia over 18 years old with a permanent job and a direct supervisor
    Sample size: 1800 respondents

    Question:
    “What annoys you the most about your immediate supervisor?”

    The answers of the respondents were distributed as follows:

    "Nothing is annoying" - 24%
    “In my current leader, almost nothing annoys me”; "Everything suits me"; “Everything is fine, there is no negativity”; “Oddly enough, literally everything suits! This is the second case in my 27-year labor practice”; “What can be annoyance? You need to do your job well, and if necessary, reasonably defend your point of view”; "He doesn't annoy me"; “My current one is perfect!”; “My leader is a wonderful person”; “The manager does not annoy me, the attitude is quite healthy.”

    "Incompetence, lack of knowledge and experience" - 6%
    “Absolute incompetence in business. The man is out of place!”; "His incompetence in the profession"; “The qualifications of the manager do not meet the requirements of the position held!”; "Ignorance of the basics of work"; "Incompetence in some matters"; "Incompetence. Yesterday he was a simple manager. And today - the general director, who knows nothing and cares only about pleasing the owner of the company ... "; “Lack of the required level of specialized knowledge for the position held”; “A flagrant discrepancy between the business and professional qualities of the position held.”

    "Indifference, indifference, disrespect for employees" - 5%
    "Disregard for employees"; "His indifference to employees"; "Unwillingness to delve into the problems of subordinates"; “Unwillingness to defend the rights of their subordinates in front of higher leadership”; "Remote from staff"

    Arrogance - 4%
    "High conceit"; "Always strives to demonstrate his status as a boss"; "Heightened self-esteem"; "Arrogance"; "Megalomania"; "Arrogance".

    "Stupidity" - 4%
    "Stupid than me"; "Weak mental abilities"; "Stupid!"

    "Unbalanced" - 4%
    "Illogical tyrant"; "Incomprehensible nervous breakdowns"; "Nervous"; "Incontinence"; "Unbalance, irascibility"; "Mood swings"; "Self-foolery"; "Scream".

    "Greed, stinginess" - 3%
    "Stingy, greedy"; “I have never met such stingy people!”

    "Irritates a lot of things, literally everything" - 2%
    “The fact that it exists at all in nature”; "Everything is annoying."

    "Rudeness, bad manners" - 2%
    “Rudeness, rudeness, a constant desire to humiliate people!”; "Rudeness, rudeness, irritability"; "His rudeness"; "Lack of upbringing".

    "Unprofessionalism" - 2%
    “Unprofessionalism, lack of analytical skills, narrow outlook”; "Lack of professionalism."

    "Delay / non-payment / no increase in employees' earnings" - 2%
    "Delay in payment of wages"; “Doesn't want to initiate the issue of salary increase”; "Insolvency"; "Untimely payment of salaries"; "We need to pay more"; "Saving money on employee salaries and paying taxes."

    "Softness" - 2%
    "Inability to ask a tough question to higher management"; “In the immediate – spinelessness…”; "Excessive tolerance"; "Softness"; "Lack of authoritarianism"; "Weakness".

    "Optional, prone to giving empty promises" - 2%
    "Non-obligation and idle chatter"; "Failure to fulfill obligations in relation to employees"; "Does not keep promises"; "Promises, but does not fulfill the promise."

    "Inability to listen to others" - 2%
    "Unwillingness to listen to subordinates"; “Does not listen to more experienced employees”; "Doesn't want to listen to anyone"; “Unwillingness to listen to an opinion different from his own”; "Unwillingness to listen to the opinion of subordinates."

    “Inability to clearly formulate tasks” - 2%
    "Fuzzy formulated tasks and goals"; "The inability to accurately set the task"; “The inability to clearly and exhaustively set the task”; "Lack of clarity in setting the task."

    "Omniscience" - 2%
    “Knows everything and always”; “When she, not knowing the essence of the issue, imposes her opinion, not being interested in yours”; "Monopoly on truth"; “Management is always right, but I am not. Even if he realizes he's wrong."

    "Inconsistency" - 2%
    "Inconsistency of actions"; "Inconsistency, spontaneity"; "No hard line."

    “I find it difficult / do not want to answer” - 7%
    "Such things do not say!"; "I just got a job, I don't know yet."


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    Every fourth employee sees no reason to be annoyed with his boss

    The research center of the recruiting portal site (http://www.site) decided to find out what irritates managers in the behavior and character of their employees and what, in turn, most irritates subordinates in the bosses.

    Source:

    Comments


    that is why, I am convinced that any "irritation" about the authorities is an absolutely dead end path, and if for some reason the employee does not have a choice, then it makes sense to try to rise above the situation, not to waste emotions on someone who they are not worth it ... what if we treat bad leadership as a natural phenomenon? We don't get irritated by heavy rains. we just take an umbrella and put on rubber boots)) so from the "annoying" leader you need to find your "umbrella"

    He's the boss - I'm a fool. This is how life works, that a smart subordinate manipulates the boss, a stupid one does it, and just a subordinate takes it for granted.
    A sad story when 10 years in a company and suddenly an ambitious, conceited and greedy boss, and even a Tatar, is put on his head.
    There is no culture, and so on. Eating, yelling and managing 24 hours a day is a disaster.
    That's how it happens.
    The north of Russia has not been subjected to such tests at all times as serfdom and the Tatar-Mongol yoke.
    He himself was the boss (up to 600 subordinates), while he was in good health, but he was respectful and understanding of situations.
    That's right, you have to leave, but it's a pity.

    The subject is delicate. In life, it happens that today you are the boss, and then your subordinate. And in general, look like the Japanese model, like the American model, like, finally, the European model of boss-subordinate relations, there is nowhere that flourishes with us.
    We have a clearly ranked subordinate, this is cattle, and the boss is an idol for all time, and what he said is true until the evening.
    In general, the bosses do not treat their model of behavior as the constancy of their actions and decisions from a great mind.
    The higher you grow as a boss, the more strategist and tactician you need to be, simple equations turn into more complex ones, with many unknowns, until they reach the level of "Fermat's theorem".
    Now a more stupid and more forceful model has been developed, fixated on a fine-deprivation of bonuses, dressings and diarrhea, etc.
    They don’t know about incentives, they don’t know about creative vertical take-off engines.
    In general, more often, the turnover of shit in nature.
    It's strange, but in Soviet times I worked both in the design bureau and in the defense industry, then the psychological background (and voluntarily worked until late and ran on weekends) was stimulating, and now the background is to intimidate that it will be bad, and then even worse.

    I found an advertisement for the position of assistant secretary of a large company in the newspaper "WORK FOR YOU". Such a cute ad. “The company is from Moscow, but don’t go to Moscow, I can do without the roar of the metro,” I was delighted. Sent resume and called. I received a positive response and was invited for an interview. It turned out that I - the best of all who came before ... and I was hired. After a long and hopeless stay at the labor exchange, I was just happy!
    Further. What "pitfalls" were hidden behind the harmless wording "secretary-referent". About the relationship of the team-secretary, head-secretary, deputy heads-secretary, about undercover games, etc., about the experience gained while working in this position. Certain developments, warnings, tips, comments and conclusions. I would like the broad masses of candidates and those who decide to agree to work as an assistant secretary, an assistant to the head, to know about them.
    I suggest publishing on the site.

    That hurt. All life negotiator.
    At first he set up the service of the chief power engineer, then the people moved to the deputies in 89 - he went through the press of the 1st department, the trade union committee and the party committee, although he was non-partisan. Then they suddenly allowed Vneshtorg - work in 91 in Senegal (1st exit), and then it started under those and others (Chechens) - pulling out a tribe after the New Year in Grozny (3rd live on Minutka Square) - then own business , eaten by a bunch of wolves - then service in private companies, and now ridiculously caught by the ambitious, those who do not know what production is, what it is to make a completely competitive product, and those who have a ruble in their forehead, at any cost, who do not know , what is brainstorming to create a competitive product (I avoid the word innovative - this is a theft of ideas) - the trouble has come. Well, a cottage, well, a super iPhone, well, like super clothes, etc. Well, they saw - when from a sneaker to a gelding and back.
    You don’t have to work for yourself, not until the moment when the racket-Nalgovik-raiders come, you have to work forward, for generations. Well, at least listen to my younger friend Yura Shevchuk.
    bosses are different, the main thing is to like the work, then the bosses can be ignored, they will either remain silent or praise, since the work has already been done and with a bang
    and subordinates are different, but here you already need to turn on intuition at the stage of an interview or a trial period - you see that a person is not suitable, - re-educate, you can’t - drive - it will be easier for everyone

    Peter principle- a position put forward and justified in the book of the same name by Lawrence Peter. Formulation: "In a hierarchical system, each individual tends to rise to the level of his own incompetence". According to some critics, the Peter principle should be taken as a joke, although Peter himself stated it without any hint of humor, as a completely serious theory.

    Essence

    The Peter Principle is a special case of the general observation that attempts to reuse a thing or idea that works well will continue until it causes disaster. Lawrence Peter applied these observations to the promotion of people in the hierarchy of positions.

    According to the Peter principle, a person working in any hierarchical system is promoted until he takes a place in which he is unable to cope with his duties, that is, he turns out to be incompetent. This level is called level of incompetence this employee. At this place, the employee will “get stuck” and will remain until he leaves the system (that is, he does not quit, die or retire).

    The Peter principle can be applied to any system in which an employee, originally at the lower levels of the hierarchy, eventually grows in position, that is, to most organizations, firms, state enterprises and institutions, the army, educational, medical institutions, religious organizations.

    Rationale

    Competencies are growing. As a rule, when a vacancy arises, management selects a candidate from among those lower-level employees who have no claims in their current position. That is from competent employees. Raising changes the requirements for the employee. Promotion is usually associated with a change in the nature of the duties performed. An employee, regardless of previous successes, may or may not cope with new requirements, that is, will be either competent or incompetent in a new position. Competent promoters are growing further. If the employee manages to cope with the new position, he will be a candidate for further promotion. Thus, as long as an employee demonstrates competence, he rises in rank. It is impossible to remain competent forever. Sooner or later, the worker will find himself in a post that he can no longer cope with, that is become incompetent. The incompetent do not advance further. Having shown incompetence, the employee ceases to be a candidate for promotion, and his promotion stops. As a result competent employees advance through the ranks to a level where they become incompetent. incompetent Not go down. As a rule, the demotion of an incompetent employee is not in the interests of management, since, having recognized the incompetence of the nominee, they will thereby be forced to admit their mistake. In addition, the previous position is usually already occupied at the time the incompetence is discovered, so the return to the original position of one employee will lead to the need to demote (or dismiss) others, which is usually too difficult and also unprofitable. As a result, although the incompetence of an employee in a new position may be obvious, he is not demoted. Refusal of a promotion is unlikely Peter notes that socio-economic conditions in Western society now aim a person for success, understood primarily as growth in career and wages. Under such conditions, a person, even knowing full well that he cannot cope with the proposed position, usually cannot refuse it: if he tries to refuse, he will be subjected to severe pressure from his entire environment, including family, acquaintances, colleagues and management. "Pass to the side" and "shock sublimation" do not change things. Those who show absolute incompetence, whose activities bring too much obvious harm, are usually eliminated by transfer to another position of the same or close level, where their incompetence will be less noticeable or less harmful (“pass to the side”). Also, an incompetent employee can be promoted despite being incompetent for personal or political reasons (“shock sublimation” or “kicking up”). Peter calls such cases “imaginary exceptions” - they look like a violation of the Peter principle, but only at first glance: after a “pass to the side” or “shock sublimation”, the employee will end up in a position where, most likely, he will also not be competent, that is the basic provision of the principle remains in effect - having once reached his level of incompetence, the employee no longer becomes competent.

    Consequences

    Considering the manifestations of the inevitable achievement of incompetence for individuals and organizations, Peter identified some characteristic consequences of the operation of the "principle".

    Hierarchical regression

    Because of the Peter principle, large hierarchical systems tend to degrade. The more people who are incompetent, the more the overall standards of competence in the system are lowered, and the less successful the system as a whole becomes. The massive “shock sublimation” of employees is especially bad for the hierarchy, as it leads to an acceleration of the promotion of employees to a state of incompetence.

    Work those who have not risen to the level of incompetence

    Since the Peter principle applies to all employees and systems, its consistent application allows us to conclude that for a sufficiently long time in any hierarchical system all positions will be occupied by incompetent employees, after which the system will naturally cease to exist, since no one will be in it. work. In practice, this usually does not happen. There are always enough employees in the system who have not yet reached their level of incompetence; they do all the real work. Also, if the system is small, there may simply not be enough positions in the system for all competent workers to be promoted to their level of incompetence.

    End stop syndrome

    Peter argues that an employee who has reached the level of incompetence is characterized by a specific set of behaviors called the "Terminal Stop Syndrome": in order to create the appearance of competence to others and maintain a positive self-esteem for himself, the employee replaces effective work with some other activity that is noticeable, takes working time and requires some effort, but does not bring real useful results. Often the syndrome of the final stop is manifested in the formalization of work, the invention of bureaucratic rules and the requirement from subordinates to strictly observe them, even contrary to objective expediency.

    The syndrome, according to Peter, is the cause of poor health, the emergence and exacerbation of chronic diseases that develop on a nervous basis. The only effective means of combating the end stop syndrome is a change in life priorities and the transfer of claims to an area of ​​activity where the level of incompetence has not yet been reached (a radical change of job, “leaving headlong” in a hobby).

    Research

    Alessandro Pluchino, Andrea Rapisardra, and Cesare Garofalo from the University of Catania, using agent-based modeling, created a system that respects the Peter principle. On this model, they showed that the best tactic is to promote a person randomly. For this work, they received the 2010 Ig Nobel Prize in Management.

    Criticism

    The Peter Principle is heavily criticized in an article by Cyril Parkinson (author of Parkinson's Law) "The Peter Problem". Parkinson claims that most of the assumptions from which Peter derives his principle are false, and the phenomenon itself in life is not observed in any approximation:

    Much of this reasoning is admirable, and it cannot be denied that the author has made some significant discoveries. His main points are stated clearly and eloquently, and he is known to have many followers. There is no doubt that he is a wonderful teacher and that his book is a well-deserved success. The only trouble is that some take it too seriously, agreeing with the theory proposed, in all likelihood, as a joke. No one would object to a joke, but there is one objection to a theory, and that objection is that the theory is wrong. It comes into conflict with our experience and does not withstand criticism.

    Parkinson doesn't stop even before switching to the personality of Peter, who was engaged in the methods of raising children with emotional disorders:

    Therefore, even the most superficial observations lead us to the conclusion that the Peter Principle does not apply in the sphere of social, business, or any other related to trade or military affairs. It operates only in the field of education and especially in the theoretical field. But even there it is not universal, but is distributed mainly in Southern California. It can even be assumed that it justifies itself only in the schools of Excelsior City. Perhaps the realm of incompetence is indeed so small that only one person has the keys to it - Peter himself.

    Criticism from Parkinson comes across as caustic and overly emotional. His main specific arguments are as follows:

    • A higher level of hierarchy does not necessarily and does not always require a higher level of competence.
    • The pyramidal hierarchical structure means that not every employee who is competent at the lower level will be able to rise up.

    The first argument implicitly assumes that "competence" is some linear variable, while Peter himself considers mainly situations where a higher position requires not big competence in the same activities, and cases when, with an increase, it changes character work and requires competence in what the employee has not previously done. For example, a good mechanic may not be a good foreman, as this position will require organizational skills that he lacks.

    As for the second argument, Peter also stipulates this case, noting that not all employees reach the level of incompetence due to the lack of vacancies, which, in fact, allows hierarchical systems to more or less successfully perform their functions.

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