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Development of fine motor skills in preschool children
Development of fine motor skills in preschool children
What is it fine motor skills?
Fine motor skills– ability to manipulate small objects, transfer objects from hand to hand, and perform tasks that require coordinated work of the eyes and hands. Fine motor skills associated with the nervous system, vision, attention, memory and perception of the child. Scientists have also proven that development of fine motor skills and development speeches are very closely related. And this can be explained very simply. The human brain has centers that are responsible for speech and finger movements. They are located very close. That's why, developing fine motor skills, we activate the zones responsible for the development of children's speech, increasing the child's performance, attention, mental activity, intellectual and creative activity.
Relevance.
At the initial stage of life it is fine motor skills reflect that, How child develops, testifies about his intellectual abilities. Children with bad developed manual motor skills They awkwardly hold a spoon or a pencil; they cannot fasten buttons or lace up their shoes. It can be difficult for them to collect scattered parts of the construction set, work with puzzles, counting sticks, and mosaics. They refuse modeling and appliqué, which other children love, and cannot keep up with the kids in class.
Target: development of fine motor skills and coordination of hand movements preschool children through various activities; improving conditions for development of fine motor skills of the fingers, preschool children.
Tasks:
Form coordination and accuracy of hand and eye movements, hand flexibility, rhythm;
- develop fine motor skills of fingers, hands;
Improve general motor activity;
Promote the normalization of speech function;
-develop imagination, logical thinking, voluntary attention, visual and auditory perception, creative activity.
I bring to your attention games and exercises on development of fine motor skills which you can do at home.
Games with buttons
Development The development of fingers is promoted not only by finger gymnastics, but also by various actions with objects. Various types of jigsaw puzzles or button games, develop attention, perception.
Drawing on semolina, flour, buckwheat
You can draw using semolina, flour, or buckwheat. A picture created by a child from these bulk materials is a creative product, and develops sensory perception, fantasy and imagination.
Collecting cut-out pictures, puzzles, cubes
These games develop visual perception, spatial orientation, visual-motor coordination.
Applications
Using applications Not only fine motor skills are developed. When performing appliqués, the child will be able to compare figures large and small, wide and narrow, long and short, dark and light.
Games with clothespins
You can also play with clothespins for development in children creative imagination, logical thinking, color recognition, counting.
Rolling a pencil in your palms
Rolling a pencil in your palms helps stimulate biologically active points, toning the body as a whole.
Drawing and coloring with pencils
It is pencils, not paints or felt-tip pens, "force" the muscles of the hand tense, make efforts to leave a mark on the paper. The child must learn to regulate the pressure in order to draw a line of one thickness or another. In the process of drawing children develop not only ideas, creativity, the emotional attitude to reality deepens, but elementary graphic skills necessary for development of manual dexterity, mastering writing. By drawing, children learn how to properly handle graphic material and master various visual techniques, they small muscles of the arm develop. Must be taught children paint carefully, without going beyond the contours of the depicted objects, applying the desired color evenly.
During the lessons children develop fine motor skills fingers and imagination, they learn to coordinate hand movements and acquire new sensory experiences, learn to complete work. Classes contribute development emotional responsiveness, development of independence, perseverance, accuracy, hard work, the formation of skills in modeling.
Laces
Such games develop spatial orientation, attention, form lacing skills, develop creativity, promotes development of eye accuracy, sequences of actions.
Tasks and exercises aimed at development a lot, if you use your imagination and imagination, you can come up with them endlessly. The main thing here is to take into account the individual characteristics of each child, his age, mood, desire and possibilities. Our task is to support the child, provide assistance if necessary, and of course be patient and calm. After all, your fingers won’t become skillful right away. To interest the child and help him master new information, you need to turn learning into a game, and do not forget to praise the child.
Systematic and systematic work on development of fine motor skills in children promotes the formation of speech, intellectual abilities, has a positive effect on speech development, and most importantly, helps maintain the child’s physical and mental health.
Publications on the topic:
Self-education report “Development of fine motor skills in children of primary preschool age” Period of work on the topic: 2015-16 academic year (first year) When it is expected to complete work on the topic: May 2017. Report format: creative.
Self-education plan “Development of fine motor skills in preschool children” Self-education plan “Development of fine motor skills in preschool children” Individual self-education plan Position: teacher.
Development of fine motor skills in children of primary preschool age Development of fine motor skills in children of primary preschool age The author of the work is teacher Beresneva L. I. Recently, modern parents.
Project “Development of fine motor skills in children of senior preschool age” Duration: long-term (September – March). Project participants: children of the senior, preparatory groups attending the speech center, teachers.
Development of fine motor skills in preschool children Development of fine motor skills in preschool children The famous teacher V. A. Sukhomlinsky said: “The child’s mind is at the tips of his fingers.”
The article says at what age you need to develop fine motor skills of the hands and why it is needed. Specific exercises suggested:
1. Finger gymnastics.
2. Games with cereals, beads, buttons, small pebbles.
3.Sand therapy.
4.Cutting with scissors.
5.Applique.
6.Working with paper. Origami. Weaving.
7. Modeling from plasticine, clay and salt dough.
8. Lacing.
9.Drawing, coloring.
10.Graphic images.
11.Hatching.
Thus, if the fingers develop, the child’s speech and thinking will develop.
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Development of fine motor skills in preschool children
How often do we hear the expression “fine motor skills”. What are fine motor skills? Physiologists use this expression to mean the movement of the small muscles of the hands. At the same time, it is important to remember about hand-eye coordination, since the development of small hand movements occurs under the control of vision. Why is it so important to develop fine motor skills in a child’s hands? The fact is that in the human brain the centers that are responsible for speech and finger movements are located very close. By stimulating fine motor skills, we activate the areas responsible for speech. And, in addition, in the future the child will need these skills to use movements to draw, write, dress, etc.
You need to start working on the development of small arm muscles from a very early age. Already an infant can massage his fingers(finger gymnastics), thereby influencing active points associated with the cerebral cortex. In early and early preschool age, you need to perform simple exercises, accompanied by a poetic text, and do not forget about developing basic self-care skills: buttoning and unbuttoning buttons, tying shoelaces, etc.
And, of course, in older preschool age, work on developing fine motor skills and coordination of hand movements should become an important part of preparation for school, in particular for writing.
Fine motor skills are one of the aspects of the motor sphere, which is directly related to the mastery of objective actions, the development of productive activities, writing, and speech of the child.(M. M. Koltsova, N. N. Novikova, N. A. Bernstein, V. N. Bekhterev, M. V. Antropova, N. A. Rokotova, E. K. Berezhnaya). The formation of motor functions, including subtle hand movements, occurs in the process of the child’s interaction with the objective world around him. When we perform precise actions, the wrists, making the necessary movements in different planes, regulate the position of our hands. A small child finds it difficult to twist and rotate the wrist, so he replaces these movements with movements of the entire arm from the shoulder. In order for small movements to be more precise and economical, so that they do not require excessive energy expenditure from the child, he needs to gradually master the various movements of the wrist.
What exercises will help your child improve his skills?
1. Finger gymnastics.
“Finger games” are the staging of any rhymed stories or fairy tales using the fingers. Many games require the participation of both hands, which allows children to navigate the concepts of “right”, “left”, “up”, “down”, etc. Children over 5 years old can decorate games with a variety of props - houses, cubes, small objects, etc. d.
It is recommended to use exercises in which each finger is trained separately.(after all, in the cerebral cortex there is a separate projection area for each finger), movements are necessary for tension, relaxation, and stretching. Finger movements must be performed with optimal load and amplitude. Sluggish, careless training has no effect.
It is necessary to remember that finger training is used as a means of increasing the tone of the cerebral cortex, and to be careful when working with children with increased convulsive readiness. Finger training includes exercises: static(holding a certain position with the fingers), dynamic (development of finger mobility, switching from one position to another), relaxing (normalizing muscle tone)etc. However, often the ill-conceived artificial use of these exercises does not arouse children’s interest in them and does not provide a sufficient corrective effect. The effectiveness of classes and children’s interest in them can be increased if finger gymnastics exercises are carried out while reading rhymes, fairy tales, stories to children, working with them on nursery rhymes, jokes, and any speech material. While listening to it, children, together with an adult, “stage” the content of the listening material using finger movements and images of characters, their actions, etc. Children learn the finger movements learned in such classes in the future in independent dramatization games, improving the motor skills of their fingers. For the versatile, harmonious development of motor functions of the hand, training of three types of components is necessary: compression, stretching, relaxation - following medical terminology - a combination of alternating contraction and relaxation of flexors - flexor muscles and extensors - extensor muscles.
To obtain the maximum effect, finger exercises should be structured in such a way that they combine compression, stretching, and relaxation of the hand, and also use isolated movements of each finger.
The duration of finger training depends on the age of the children(younger age up to three or four years), the recommended time is from 3 to 5 minutes, in middle and senior preschool age - 10-15 minutes a day). Some of the exercises in which the table surface was used are performed while sitting at the table. Thus, finger exercises, when skillfully included in the context of various activities and household chores, can contribute to the development in children of elements of their motor behavior determined by the play, everyday or educational situation.
2. Games with cereals, beads, buttons, small stones.
These games have an excellent tonic and healing effect. Children are asked to sort, guess with their eyes closed, roll between the thumb and forefinger, press alternately with all the fingers of both hands on the table, while trying to make rotational movements. You can teach your child to roll two walnuts or pebbles with the fingers of one hand, with the fingers of one hand, or with a hexagonal pencil between two palms. Various stringing exercises are excellent for developing the hand. You can string anything that can be strung: buttons, beads, horns and pasta, dryers, etc. You can make beads from cardboard circles, squares, hearts, tree leaves, including dry ones, and rowan berries. You can invite children to lay out letters and silhouettes of various objects from small objects: seeds, buttons, twigs, etc. All activities using small objects must be carried out under the strict supervision of adults!
3. Sand therapy.
The malleability of sand provokes the desire to create a miniature of the real world from it. A sand painting created by a child is a creative product. The main emphasis is on the child’s creative self-expression, thanks to which, on an unconscious-symbolic level, internal tension is released and ways of development are sought.
Find a large box and fill it halfway with washed and dried river sand. Show your child the toy that you will hide in this sand, and do this when he turns away. You can gradually increase the number of hidden toys.
Invite your child to model a sand projection. For example, in accordance with the child’s experience, ask him to depict a zoo, pets, forest, etc. Let the child himself select the necessary materials and model the space.
Design and simulate a sand projection with different landscapes(mountains, reservoirs, plains, etc.)based on lexical topics familiar to the child(eg wild animals). Use figurines of pets to construct projections. Invite your child to correct the picture. The child himself must choose the correct animal figures and place them in their characteristic landscapes.
Presentation of a fairy tale familiar to the child. The child independently chooses the props and builds the scenery. The fairy tale can be played out entirely according to the plot, or a familiar plot can be taken as a basis, and the child comes up with and plays out his own ending to the fairy tale.
4. Cutting with scissors.
Particular attention is paid to mastering basic cutting techniques - straight cutting skills, the ability to cut out various shapes(rectangular, oval, round). Obtaining symmetrical shapes by folding accordion-folded paper(round dance) or diagonally(snowflakes) , children must learn that they are not cutting out a whole shape, but half of it. Before you start cutting out the silhouette, you should think about where, from what angle, in which direction of the sheet to direct the scissors, i.e. plan the upcoming action. The game of cutting out patterns from folded pieces of paper has a remarkable property: no matter how clumsily a child cuts, he will still get a pattern that vaguely resembles a snowflake or a star.
5. Applications.
Children can make compositions - appliqués - from cut out figures. To begin with, it is more convenient to cut out geometric shapes and figures from colored magazines, and with an adhesive pencil, fix them on a sheet. If the child is still small and you are afraid to give him scissors, let him tear pictures from a magazine or newspaper with his hands - whatever happens; and you will paste the torn pieces onto a blank piece of paper, giving them some shape. It can make a meaningful collage.
6. Working with paper. Origami. Weaving.
The development of precise movements and memory is helped by weaving rugs from paper strips, folding boats, and paper animal figures.
The material for weaving can be willow twigs, straw, veneer, as well as paper, thin cardboard, fabric, braid, ribbon, etc. The child can be asked to fold a sheet of paper in half, make a series of even cuts with scissors, without going beyond the outline, then cut thin strips of a different color and in a certain way, observing the pattern, weave them between the cuts of the main part of the rug.
From paper and cardboard you can make toys for playing with water and wind, Christmas tree decorations, attributes for role-playing games, dramatization games, fun toys, gifts and souvenirs. It is necessary to introduce children to paper processing tools and show techniques for bending and folding paper.
Currently, origami is becoming increasingly popular among teachers and psychologists. And this is no coincidence. The educational potential of origami is very high.
The topics of origami are very diverse, ranging from simple to complex. To successfully learn how to make origami toys with children in a playful way, you need to learn the designations of the blanks(basic forms) and symbols(many books on origami techniques are now on sale). In the future, this will facilitate production and reduce the time it takes to complete the toy. To memorize and reinforce basic shapes with children, you can use the following games and exercises: “Turn the square into another shape”, “Guess what the square turned into?”, “Where is whose shadow?”, “Name the correct shape”, “Define the basic shape " and etc.
In origami classes, it is effective to use fairy tales-tips; they develop interest, facilitate production and memorization when performing toys, because mechanical tasks(draw a fold line, fold in half, fold the corner to the center)are replaced by meaningful, from the point of view of the plot and game concept, action. The equipment used is sheets of paper of different colors and ready-made books on the origami technique.
7. Modeling from plasticine, clay and salt dough.
You can make single parts or several at once and combine them into compositions. You can sculpt small parts yourself, and your baby can assemble the finished composition.
We make sausages, rings, balls; We cut the plasticine sausage with a plastic knife into many small pieces, and then mold the pieces again. From each small piece we make a cake or a coin.(You can press a real coin or a flat toy onto the cake to make an imprint.)
We paste the resulting cakes over jars, twigs, etc. etc. Laying out a given pattern from plasticine with balls, sausages on plywood or a sheet of cardboard.
Pasting a glass bottle with plasticine and giving it the shape of a vase, teapot, etc.
Modeling of geometric shapes, numbers, letters.
8. Laces - why are they?
Nowadays there are many different games with laces on sale. In general, they can be divided into several types. First of all, the lacing is story-driven. The child is offered an “unfinished” picture(image of a hedgehog, squirrel, Christmas tree, vase with a bouquet, house), to which you need to lace the missing parts: mushrooms, fruits and nuts, New Year's toys, flowers, windows, etc. The second type of lacing: buttons, shoes, cylinders or any other, made of wood or soft safe material, solid objects, in which have holes for laces. They come with strings and instructions for creating artistic weaves on the base toy. Finally, the third type of lacing: parts of houses, books, etc. made from fabric, which are proposed to be connected using laces to create a solid soft toy or a soft story “picture”. Such, for example, is “Teremok” - a toy developed by M. Montessori, the ancestor of all modern children's toys with laces.
9. Drawing, coloring.
Coloring is one of the easiest activities to do. At the same time, it continues to be a means of developing coordinated actions of the visual and motor analyzers and strengthening the motor apparatus of the writing hand. It is necessary to teach children to paint carefully, without going beyond the contours of the depicted objects, evenly applying the desired color. In the process of drawing, children not only develop general ideas and creativity, deepen their emotional relationship to reality, but also form elementary graphic skills that are so necessary for the development of manual dexterity and mastering writing. By drawing, children learn to properly handle graphic material and master various visual techniques; they develop fine muscles of the hand. You can draw with black and colored pencils, felt-tip pen, chalk, watercolors, and gouache.
Drawing with different materials requires different degrees of pressure in order to leave a mark on the paper from the writing object. This also contributes to the development of manual skills.
Of course, drawing helps develop the small muscles of the hand and strengthens it. But we must remember that when learning to draw and write, the positions of the hand, pencil, and notebook are specific.(sheet of paper) , techniques for drawing lines.
A good place to start is:
- outlining flat shapes. You can trace anything: the bottom of a glass, an inverted saucer, your own palm, a flat toy, etc. Cookie or muffin tins are especially suitable for this purpose;
- drawing by reference points;
- completing the second half of the drawing;
- drawing according to the sample, without taking your hands off the paper.
You can also use various non-traditional techniques.
Monotype: Paint of different colors is applied to a sheet of paper. Then another sheet is superimposed on the sheet, and the prints are given a certain shape using a brush, pencil, or felt-tip pen.
Spray: the brush is dipped into the paint and then the paint is splattered onto a piece of paper using your fingers or a pencil. In this way, you can create the background of the picture.
Blotography: Paints are applied to a sheet of paper in any order. After applying the drawing with a pencil or felt-tip pen, they give some outline and create an image.
Tamponation: applying paints to paper using cotton swabs or sponges.
Suitable for creating a background.
Freehand printing: If your child is extremely reluctant to paint with a brush, encourage him to paint with his fingers. You can draw with one, two, or all fingers at once: each finger is dipped in paint of a certain color, and then placed on paper in turn. This is how you get fireworks or beads, etc. It is best to finish the drawing with felt-tip pens or pencils. You can paint your hand with a brush and then make prints on paper.
For small children it is good to use special “edible paints”(sold in stores). You can come up with such colors yourself: jam, jam, mustard, ketchup, whipped cream, etc. can decorate your drawing or dish.
10. Graphic exercises.
In a kindergarten setting, children acquire graphic skills in fine arts classes, and fine hand movements develop in the process of construction and when performing labor actions. But these classes are not enough; a well-thought-out system of special classes and exercises is needed to develop children’s graphic skills not only in kindergarten, but also at home.
Graphic activity promotes better orientation in the two-dimensional space of a sheet of paper and prepares the child’s hand for learning to write. It is important that graphic tasks have figurative and semantic significance. For this purpose, objects such as waves, rainbows, puffs of smoke, and fish scales are selected for drawing. Here you can take the task of completing the missing details of flowers and objects, tracing patterns, shading and coloring outline images, pictures in coloring albums. A gradual transition to working according to a given action pattern is provided, for example: “Draw waves, large and small, three large waves and three small ones.” Then the work of completing the drawing of ornaments and labyrinths becomes more complicated.
The child gains experience in graphic movements by performing various types of shading, drawing, copying drawings, tracing contours along dots and dotted lines, and drawing patterns in cells. At the same time, the correct methods of action are taught: to draw a line from top to bottom and from left to right; hatch evenly, without spaces, without going beyond the outline.
11. Hatching.
Tasks with shading are performed on unlined paper. Helps prepare the hand for writing. The child should try not to lift the pen from the paper and not interrupt the lines. The ability to freely draw smooth lines from left to right is important when developing handwriting. Hatching, as one of the easiest types of graphic activity, is introduced to a large extent for children to learn the hygienic rules necessary for writing. Coloring drawings involves four types of shading, which ensure gradual development and strengthening of the small muscles of the hand and the development of movement coordination.
Types of shading:
coloring with short, frequent strokes;
coloring with small strokes with return;
centric hatching(circular hatching from the center of the picture);
hatching in long parallel segments.
Hatching rules:
Hatch only in the specified direction.
Do not go beyond the contours of the figure.
Keep the lines parallel.
Do not bring the strokes closer together, the distance between them should be 0.5 cm
When performing shading, you must follow the rules: do not go beyond the contours of the figure, maintain the parallelism of the lines and the distance between them(0.3 - 0.5 cm) . It is recommended to first hatch with short and frequent strokes, then introduce centric hatching, and only at the last stage is hatching possible with long parallel segments. During the first attempts at shading, the hand quickly gets tired, children press hard on the pencil, there is no coordination of fingers, but the work itself is exciting and the child returns to it on his own. From the drawings you can trace the improvement of the muscular apparatus. For shading, you can use simple and colored pencils, felt-tip pens and colored pens.
To develop accuracy and confidence in hand movements, games are used in which children need to draw parallel lines in a certain direction:
Game "From house to house". The child’s task is to connect houses of the same color and shape with precise straight lines. The child first draws a line simply with his finger, choosing a direction, then with a felt-tip pen. When drawing lines, children accompany the actions with the words “From house to house.”
Game "All kinds of labyrinths". Various labyrinths are drawn for the child. Let him “go through” them with a pencil. To prevent the activity from getting boring, it is best to explain what kind of labyrinth this is, where it leads, and who should go through it.(“This labyrinth is in the Snow Queen’s castle, it is made of ice. Gerda must walk through it without touching the walls, otherwise she will freeze.”)
Tracing any inserts from the Montessori frames and inserts series is useful for hand development, and shading them is no less useful. Each figure should be hatched at a different angle of inclination and with varying degrees of line density. It’s good if the shading turns out to be of varying degrees of intensity: from pale, barely noticeable, to dark.
Grid shading is also useful. In all cases, the child needs samples.
Drawing an ornament. Drawing ornaments on checkered sheets develops motor dexterity well.(graphical exercises)first with a simple pencil, then with colored pencils. You can perform such exercises from 5 to 6 years old. Children engage in this kind of drawing with interest. When the child’s hand gets a little stronger, the drawings he makes become neater and more beautiful.
There is no need to force your child to draw ornaments. Try to interest him in this activity. Be sure to show how this is done first.
In addition to working on the development of fine arm muscles in the classroom, tasks to develop fine motor skills can be included in household chores such as winding threads; tying and untying ribbons, laces, knots on a rope; collecting cut pictures; fastening and unfastening buttons, snaps, hooks; screwing and unscrewing lids, jars, vials; analysis of cereals(peas, buckwheat, rice) and so on.
There are a lot of tasks and exercises aimed at developing fine motor skills. If you wish, especially if you use your imagination and imagination, you can come up with them endlessly. And the main thing here is to take into account the individual characteristics of each child, his age, mood, desire and capabilities. Fingers will not become skillful right away. Games and exercises, finger exercises, carried out systematically from a very early age, help children confidently hold a pencil and pen, braid their hair and lace their shoes independently, build from small parts of a construction set, sculpt from clay and plasticine, etc. Thus, if they As the fingers develop, the child’s speech and thinking will develop.
modeling motor skills child
Fine motor skills of the hands develop interest and cognitive abilities of the child; it is considered an interesting and useful activity for identifying the future abilities of the child’s inner world. Activities and games promote the development of fine motor skills and hand coordination, stimulate visual and auditory perception, attention, memory, coherent speech and vocabulary. Development of a child's fine motor skills? subtle movements of the hands and fingers are of great importance in psychology, and is regarded as one of the indicators of a child’s mental development. When we perform precise actions, the wrists, making the necessary movements in different planes, regulate the position of our hands. A small child finds it difficult to twist and rotate the wrist, so he replaces these movements with movements of the entire arm from the shoulder. In order for small movements to be more accurate and economical, so that they do not require excessive energy expenditure from the child, he needs to gradually master various wrist movements.
I.M. Sechenov wrote that the movements of a person’s hand are not hereditarily predetermined, but arise in the process of education and training as a result of the formation of associative connections between visual, tactile and muscular sensations in the process of active interaction with the environment.
The development of fine motor skills is important because the child's entire future life will require the use of precise, coordinated movements of the hands and fingers, which are necessary to dress, draw and write, as well as perform a wide variety of everyday and educational activities.
It is known that fine motor skills affect the development of a child’s speech, as well as the development of the brain hemispheres. That’s why it’s so important to develop fine motor skills in children’s hands. Motor skills develop very well during the child’s creative activities. Such as modeling, applique. During these activities, both hands are involved, and therefore both hemispheres of the brain.
Finger games, exercises, and finger gymnastics are good for developing fine motor skills. These exercises help not only to develop hand motor skills, but also promote the development of memory and speech, since finger games and exercises are accompanied by a certain text, which the child remembers and then reproduces.
Playing with small materials, with materials of different textures and shapes, has a very good effect on the development of fine motor skills. Mosaic games are interesting and intense. Games with natural materials are suitable: pine cones, acorns, beans, stones, etc.
Fine motor skills actively interact with attention, thinking, coordination, observation, imagination, memory (visual and motor). And does a well-developed hand in itself really bring little benefit? After all, it is thanks to her that a person does so many necessary things throughout his life: writes, draws, fastens buttons and ties shoelaces, works on the same computer, and finally.
In the human brain, the centers responsible for speech and finger movements are very close. And the size of the projection of the hand, located in the cerebral cortex, occupies about a third of the entire motor projection. It is these two scientifically proven facts that make it possible to consider the hand as an “organ of speech” along with the articulatory apparatus. That is why, when teaching a child to speak, it is not enough to just train articulation; the development of finger movements is simply necessary.
V.A. Sukhomlinsky argued that “the child’s mind is at the tip of his fingers.” All this? positive effect on internal organs, tonic, immunostimulating effect, stimulation of mental functions and speech, charge of positive emotions. The development of fine motor skills of the fingers is useful not only in itself.
It is important for children to develop fine motor skills. The fact is that in the human brain the centers responsible for speech and finger movements are located very close. By stimulating fine motor skills and thereby activating the corresponding parts of the brain, we also activate neighboring areas responsible for speech.
The task of teachers and child psychologists? convey to parents the importance of games for the development of fine motor skills. Adults must understand: in order to interest a child and help him master new information, you need to turn learning into a game, not back down if tasks seem difficult, and do not forget to praise the child.
To increase the level of development of small movements, the same types of activities are useful as for the development of figurative ideas (visual, constructive). Along with this, it may be recommended to string beads, fasten or unfasten buttons, buttons, hooks (these actions are readily performed by children while playing with the doll: undressing it before going to bed, dressing for a walk, etc.).
The effectiveness of preventive measures increases subject to a deep theoretical justification of the problems, since this significantly increases the responsibility of adults for the health of children.
After all, rarely does anyone think about the fact that when there is a lag in the development of hand motor skills, the range of functional capabilities of the cardiovascular system and respiratory organs narrows. A special study of the writing process has shown that children perform a written task (especially writing letters, syllables and words at the first stage of learning) while inhaling. The child holds his breath while he continuously writes a letter, a syllable, even a word. Consequently, the longer the syllable, and especially the word, the longer the breath is held, which negatively affects the functional state of the body.
Understanding by teachers and parents of the importance and essence of timely diagnosis of hand motor skills and pedagogical correction will help the child not only develop writing skills, but will also protect him from additional learning difficulties and preserve his physical and mental health.
The outstanding teacher M. Montessori argued that it is necessary to find a way to teach a child to do work before he starts the work itself, i.e. prepare movements with repeated exercises. She also wrote that when taking on things, one is sensitive to one's mistakes. At the same time, we must remember that the child’s first impression is the strongest and most vivid. Spelling a letter incorrectly? remembers it distorted, so teaching writing before school is not recommended. Exercises that strengthen the small muscles of the hand are mandatory.
They are necessary not only for the development of general motor skills, but also for the development of speech, as well as intellectual development, improving the functions of the cerebral cortex.
In preschool age, work on developing fine motor skills and hand coordination should be an important part of preparing for school.
The ability to perform small movements with objects develops in older preschool age. It is by the age of 6-7 years that the maturation of the corresponding zones of the cerebral cortex and the development of small muscles of the hand generally end. It is important that by this age the child is prepared to learn new motor skills (including writing skills), and not be forced to correct incorrectly formed old ones.
Thus, experience shows that a preschooler does not have a rich, versatile experience in modeling for the development of fine motor skills, and cannot convey it in his creativity. However, by the age of 6-7 years, with appropriate pedagogical work, the necessary prerequisites for the development of fine motor skills have already taken shape.
Municipal state preschool educational institution "Kindergarten No. 2" Soligalichsky municipal district, Kostroma region
ABSTRACT
Development of fine motor skills in preschool children
Filippova Elena Alekseevna, teacher of MKDOU “Kindergarten No. 2”, 2013
Content
Introduction…………………………………………………….. 3
Theoretical.
Fine motor skills and its importance in human life.. 5
The role of fine motor development in the process
preparation for studying at school………………………… 6
2. Contents of work on the development of fine motor skills in
kindergarten
2.1. Self-massage of the hand and fingers………………… 7
2.1.1. Su-jok massagers……………………………8
2.1.2. Children's play massage with music
accompaniment (E. and S. Zheleznov)……………… 9
2.1.3. Self-massage of the child’s hands and fingers using
improvised materials…………………………… 10
2.2.Finger games for the development of fine motor skills... 11
2.3.Development of fine motor skills at home…………………… 12
2.4.Finger theater for the development of fine motor skills
in children…………………………………………………………………… 15
2.5. Development of fine motor skills through drawing,
modeling, as well as non-traditional types of fine art
activities…………………………………………… 15
2.6. Graphic exercises for the development of small
motor skills…………………………………………………………… 17
Conclusion…………………………………………………… 19
List of used literature………………………… 20
INTRODUCTION
The relevance of this topic lies in the fact that the development of motor skills in preschool children makes it possible to form coordination of movements of the fingers, develop speech activity and prepare the child for school.
The higher the child’s motor activity, the better his speech develops. The relationship between general and speech motor skills has been studied and confirmed by the research of many prominent scientists, such as I.P. Pavlov, M.M. Koltsova, E. Isenina. When a child masters motor skills and abilities, coordination of movements develops. The formation of movements occurs with the participation of speech.
The development of fine movements of the fingers is especially closely related to the development of speech. Why does a person who cannot find the right word to explain often help himself with gestures? And vice versa: why does a child, who is concentrating on writing or drawing, help himself by involuntarily sticking out his tongue?
The famous researcher of children's speech M.M. Koltsova writes: “The movement of the fingers, historically, in the course of human development, turned out to be closely related to speech function.
The first form of communication of primitive people was gestures, and the role of the hand was especially important here. The development of hand and speech functions in humans proceeded in parallel. The development of a child’s speech is approximately the same. First, subtle movements of the fingers develop, then articulation of syllables appears; all subsequent improvement of speech reactions is directly dependent on the degree of training of finger movements.” Thus, “there is every reason to consider the hand as an organ of speech - the same as the articulatory apparatus. From this point of view, the projection of the hand is another speech area of the brain.”
Speech is improved under the influence of impulses from the hands, or more precisely, from the fingers. Typically, a child who has a high level of development of fine motor skills is able to reason logically, his memory, attention, and coherent speech are sufficiently developed. A developed brain and an undeveloped hand is a completely natural phenomenon given the modern lifestyle. But this should not plunge teachers and parents into panic: the weak hand of a preschooler can and must be developed. During exercises, you need to take into account the individual characteristics of each child, his age, mood, desire and capabilities.
The main thing is that these activities bring only positive emotions to children. The first failures will cause disappointment and even irritation. It is necessary to ensure that the child’s activities are successful - this will reinforce his interest in games and activities.
Fingers do not become skillful right away. The main thing is to remember the golden rule: games and exercises, finger warm-ups should be carried out systematically.
1.1 Fine motor skills and its importance in human life.
Fine motor skills are a set of coordinated actions of the nervous, muscular and skeletal systems, often in combination with the visual system in making small and precise movements of the hands and fingers and toes. The term dexterity is often used when referring to motor skills of the hand and fingers.
The area of fine motor skills includes a wide variety of movements: from primitive gestures, such as grasping objects, to very small movements, on which, for example, human handwriting depends.
Scientists have proven that from an anatomical point of view, about a third of the total area of the motor projection of the cerebral cortex is occupied by the projection of the hand, located very close to the speech zone. Therefore, the development of a child’s speech is inextricably linked with the development of fine motor skills.
The famous teacher V.A. Sukhomlinsky believed that “the child’s mind is at the tips of his fingers.”
Physiologist I.P. Pavlov wrote: “Hands teach the head, then the wiser head teaches the hands, and skillful hands again contribute to the development of the brain.”
Organized hand actions are gradually formed in the child throughout the first six months of his life. Fingers clenched into a fist straighten. They begin to perform special movements of grasping objects. The hand begins to act as a specific human organ.
The development of fine motor skills is important in several aspects that have determined existing areas of scientific research:
- in connection with the development of cognitive abilities;
- in connection with the development of speech;
- development of one’s own hand movements to carry out object and instrumental actions, including writing.
The development of cognitive abilities in connection with the development of hand movements is especially active in infancy and early age due to the fact that the movements of the hand examining various objects is a condition for the child’s knowledge of the objective world. “Direct practical contact with objects, actions with them lead to the discovery of more and more new properties of objects and relationships between them” (D.B. Elkonin).
Speech development is closely related to the development of fine motor skills. If you look closely at the image of the brain, it becomes clear that the motor speech area is located next to the motor area, being part of it. About a third of the total area of the motor projection is occupied by the projection of the hand, located close to the speech zone. Training fine movements of the fingers has a great impact on
development of the child’s active speech. Conducted by M.M. Koltsova, L.F. Fomina's research and observations showed that the degree of development of finger movements coincides with the degree of speech development in children. To determine the level of speech development, the following experiment was conducted with children in the first years of life: they asked the child to show one finger, two, three (“do it like this,” they showed how to do it). Children who can repeat isolated finger movements speak well. And, on the contrary, in children who speak poorly, the fingers are either tense and bend only all together, or, on the contrary, they are sluggish, weak and do not make individual movements. Thus, until finger movements become free, it is not possible to achieve speech development in children.
In everyday life, a person every minute needs to perform some kind of fine motor activity: fastening buttons, manipulating small objects, writing, drawing, etc., therefore, his quality of life directly depends on its development.
1.2 The role of the development of fine motor skills in the process of preparing for school.
Full speech is an indispensable condition for a child’s successful education at school. Many articles have been written about the need for targeted work on the development of fine motor skills, a lot has been done and it has been proven that the development of the functional capabilities of the hands has a positive effect on the development of children's speech and on their intellectual development. The development of finger movements, as it were, prepares the ground for the subsequent formation of full-fledged speech. The child will learn to understand the meaning of what he hears and grasp the rhythm of speech, coordination, and cause-and-effect relationships. In the process of training individual components of manual motor skills (tone, strength, accuracy of movements), children improve their control and planning skills for a holistic action.
In addition, the development of fine motor skills is an important indicator of a child's readiness for school and plays an important role in mastering academic skills. The ability to make precise movements with the hand and fingers is simply necessary for mastering writing. As N.A. wrote Bernstein: “Writing is a complex psychomotor skill, the successful development of which is based on the coordinated interaction of all levels of movement organization that have already reached the necessary development by the beginning of primary school age.” Often, first-graders are not able to draw sufficiently clear and straight lines when drawing samples of geometric shapes, drawing printed letters (the so-called “shaking line”), they are not able to accurately cut out shapes from paper along the contour, many children have poor coordination of movements when running, jumping, general motor awkwardness and clumsiness. Even a normally developing child would benefit from a hand massage in the pre-speech period, and finger games accompanied by poetry will not only develop fine motor skills and speech, but also the ability to listen. Therefore, when preparing a child for school, it is more important not to teach him to write, but to create conditions for the development of small arm muscles.
All these exercises bring triple benefits to the child:
-firstly, the hands acquire good mobility and flexibility, stiffness in hand movements disappears, and prepare them for mastering writing;
- secondly, they develop his artistic taste, which is useful at any age;
- thirdly, it has been proven that the development of hands is associated with the development of a child’s speech and thinking.
Therefore, in kindergarten, special attention is paid to the development of fine motor skills. Usually, children in the preparatory school group who are preparing to master a complex skill—writing—experience an urgent need for this.
But work on the development of fine motor skills should be carried out starting from early preschool age. When performing many exercises, all children experience difficulties at first. But when classes are held regularly and a variety of techniques are used, this becomes a powerful means of increasing the performance of the cerebral cortex, stimulating the development of the child’s thinking.
All games for the development of fine motor skills are a set of exercises, which include: self-massage of the hand and fingers, exercises for relaxing the hand and fingers, tasks for maintaining the posture of the hand.
All exercises are carried out in a playful way. Their complexity should be chosen depending on the level of development of fine motor skills of the child’s hands. It is necessary and useful to use games and exercises to train fingers in combination with children's speech. Exercises for fine motor skills in combination with nursery rhymes are effective. They are also very convenient to use as reminders for parents in the corners.
2. Contents of work on the development of fine motor skills.
2.1.Self-massage of the hand and fingers.
Play self-massage is recommended as a preliminary stage before active gymnastics for children with a low level of development of fine motor skills. It is a means of increasing immunity, because. Nerve endings are located on the palms. This is a unique tactile gymnastics, thanks to which a powerful flow of impulses from the muscles and joints enters the child’s brain, information enters the speech-auditory, emotional and creative zones. Massage should not cause discomfort in the child. You can tell your baby that “we’ll warm our hands.” It is advisable to use the following techniques: stroking, light rubbing, vibration. Massage movements are performed in the direction from the fingertips to the wrist. In addition, massage promotes blood flow to the nerve endings, which has a positive effect on the brain.
The use of self-massage, accompanied by easy-to-remember poems and in combination with surprise game moments, allows you to use them as relaxing, fun moments of rest. In order for a future first grader to skillfully handle a pen, pencil, felt-tip pen, or brush, it is necessary to develop the movements of his fingers, striving to ensure that they are free, confident, and coordinated. Your child should perform exercises aimed at strengthening finger mobility, developing strength, and coordination of movements. All of these are the main components of mastering writing.
According to speech therapist G.N. Makoveeva, “Hand massage using a Su-Jok ball, springs, clothespins, chestnut fruits, cones, walnuts, hex pencils not only has a beneficial effect on the entire body, increases immunity, but also helps solve corrective problems.” tasks: activates the brain, innervation of speech-motor analyzers, promotes the development of speech, attention, memory and fine motor skills, so necessary for the successful preparation of children for school.”
The benefits of massage are undeniable and have been repeatedly proven in practice. Self-massage can be carried out not only individually, but also in direct educational activities with the entire group of children at the same time, and can also be used repeatedly throughout the day, including it at various scheduled moments in a family and preschool setting.
Since concrete-figurative thinking predominates in preschoolers, poetic texts have been invented for many massages. Their content and rhythm are as close as possible to the nature of the movement itself, so that a specific image arises in the child. You should start with warming movements that make the muscles more pliable and the movements painless.
2.1.1.Use of Su-jok massagers.
Su-Jok acupuncture is the latest achievement of Eastern medicine. Every person can easily master the first stage of Su-Jok therapy and, without turning to a doctor or medications, help themselves and their loved ones. “Su” is a hand, “Jock” is a foot.
Recently, general interest in non-traditional forms and means of working with children has increased significantly. Sujok therapy, being highly effective, safe and simple, is based on traditional acupuncture and is a fairly good system of self-healing. The use of su-jok massagers in combination with metal rings helps to increase the physical and mental performance of children, creates a functional basis for a relatively quick transition to a higher level of motor muscle activity and the opportunity for optimal targeted work with the child. Here are several options for working with su-jok massagers:
Children alternately put massage rings on each finger, reciting a finger gymnastics poem, first on the right, then on the left hand.
The child places the massager between his palms, while reciting a poem to automate the disturbed sound.
Children work according to the instructions of an adult. Place the ring on the little finger of your right hand, etc. The child closes his eyes, the adult puts a ring on any of his fingers. Children name which hand and finger the ring is on.
Speech therapist of the highest qualification category G.N. Makoveeva developed complexes of game self-massage for hands using Su-jok massagers.
2.1.2. Children's play massage with musical accompaniment.
(Sergei and Ekaterina Zheleznov).
Poems and songs for play massage are very popular with children; they provide fun communication, relieve tension, and teach children to trust others and empathize. Play massage provides sensory development for primary and secondary preschoolers. Children perceive voice intonations, text content, musical timbres and noises, tempo and rhythms of music, etc. Thanks to massage, children begin to distinguish body parts. In group classes, children from 3-4 years old with great interest not only perform massage themselves, but also watch other children perform massage. When performing a massage, children perform a variety of movements with their fingers and hands, which develops large and fine motor skills well.
Play massage relieves tension in children. Blood supply to the skin improves, muscle tension decreases, breathing and heart rate slow down. The child calms down and relaxes. Game massage has a positive effect on the central nervous system. Play massage promotes the socialization of children, builds trust and attention in children to each other, develops patience and a sense of humor.
Play massage contributes to the development of children’s imagination: a spider running through a tree and rain dripping on its back, a ball bouncing on the floor and a bear walking through the forest are equally vivid, although they are presented differently to children giving and “receiving” a play massage.
Play massage also promotes speech development. Children quickly memorize poems and songs, and movements illustrating the text contribute to expressive performance.
Movements to music should be performed rhythmically and avoiding strong pressure or patting. At first, it is better to carry out a massage using appropriate objects - a brush, a rubber hedgehog, a foam sponge, a toy car, pieces of cotton wool, paper leaves, etc., as well as soft toys in accordance with the text of the songs.
2.1.3. Self-massage of the child’s hands and fingers using available materials.
With great enthusiasm, preschoolers perform motor exercises using non-traditional material, because the tasks turn into an entertaining game.
Self-massage of fingertips with toothbrushes. You can rub your fingers without poetic accompaniment, or you can use various poems on topics. For example "Mushrooms". For each line of poetry, children rub the pads of one finger.
Right hand: Small mushrooms (ring finger) came out on the hummock (little finger) - milk mushrooms and pigs (middle finger), saffron milk caps, volnushki (index finger). Even a small stump (thumb).
Left hand: I couldn’t hide my surprise (they rub their thumb). Honey mushrooms have grown (index finger), slippery butterflies (middle finger) and pale toadstools (ring finger) have stood in the clearing (little finger).
Self-massage of palms with balls with fillers. You can massage each finger. The direction of massage movements is from the nail phalanx (pad) to the base of the finger.
Self-massage with a clothespin. (Check first that the clothespin is not too tight). Children take a clothespin with three fingers, squeeze and unclench. Repeatedly squeezing and unclenching with the force of a clothespin gives an excellent workout to the fingertips of the right or left hand. By observing which hand a child works with preferably, you can determine whether he is left-handed. The tendency to work with your left hand should not be corrected. The child's work with both hands can only be welcomed.
We alternately “bite” the nail phalanges (“pads”) from the index to the little finger and back to the stressed syllables of the poem:
Lariska has two radishes, Alyoshka has two potatoes,
And Vovka has two carrots, and Petka has two radishes.
Self-massage with walnuts.
“I’m rolling a nut, I’m developing my hands” - we roll it in a circular motion, pressing each finger.
Roll between palms, saying:
I roll my nut to make it rounder than everyone else.
I'll learn to hold two nuts between my fingers.
This will help me write straight letters at school.”
Self-massage with a pencil. Roll the pencil between your palms, massaging them. This massage relieves tension; the edges of the pencil activate nerve endings. “I roll the pencil in my hands and twirl it between my fingers. I will certainly teach every finger to be obedient.”
Self-massage with plain paper. Such a massage will allow developing not only fine motor skills of the hands, but also the thinking and imagination of children, coordinating speech with movement, and reinforcing the concept of “right - left” hand.
(We take thick paper from the table and crumple it with both hands, as if we were making a snowball).
Self-massage with peas to activate speech and thinking, develop fine motor skills of the fingers and increase the immunity of children.
“I took some peas to lay out the path. So that a bunny or a cat can run along it.”
“Finger, finger, my dear, press the peas to the table, twist and roll them and pass them on to someone else.” (Pour peas into a plate. The child takes a pea with his fingers and holds it in his fist, as if picking berries. Then he takes the next one, then another and another, and so on, picking up a whole handful. You can do it with both hands).
Self-massage of the hands to activate speech and thinking, develop fine motor skills and increase immunity using the “Grass” mat.
Self-massage with spruce and pine cones. Rolling between palms, clenching in fist.
These play exercises are not only used to develop fine motor skills, they also develop children’s understanding of the capabilities of their body, improve memory, attention, eliminate mental tension, restore a cheerful mood, and have a beneficial effect on the brain and nervous system. The exercises are very exciting and emotional. They can be carried out in any class, in your free time. Individually, with a subgroup or with the whole group of children. Can be recommended to parents for practicing with children at home.
2.2. Finger games and exercises.
Finger games are a very important part of developing fine motor skills. These games are very emotional, exciting, captivate the child with their improvisation, spontaneity, theatricality, elements of surprise and presuppose the presence of a situation of success. They promote the development of speech, creative and mental activity.
Finger games seem to reflect the reality of the surrounding world - objects, animals, people, their activities. During finger games, children, repeating the movements of adults, activate hand motor skills. This develops dexterity, the ability to control one’s movements, and concentrate attention on one type of activity. Children repeat the text after an adult, and they remember it faster, their memory develops.
Training finger movements can be spent 1.5 - 2 minutes in morning exercises or 2 -3 minutes in direct educational activities in artistic creativity.
It is necessary to constantly ensure that there is no overdose. Exercises should be given in small portions, but done with maximum load, with a large range of motion. Careless, relaxed performance of the exercises does not produce any effect. Particular attention should be paid to training movements of increased complexity, that is, those that our fingers do not do in everyday life. It is this kind of finger training that gives a visible and quick effect.
Systematic work on training finger movements, along with a stimulating effect on speech development, is a powerful means of increasing the performance of the cerebral cortex; children’s attention, memory, hearing, and vision improve.
The texts of finger games are composed so that one episode contains as many finger movements as possible, and they are combined in meaning with the spoken verses. In order for the effectiveness to be greatest, you can first make simple finger movements - depicting everyday actions (washing hands, working with scissors, washing, sewing, etc.), then you can move on to imaginary playing of musical instruments. After this, you can move on to modeling objects, plants, animals. The movements are performed according to a pattern, made with one hand, the other hand, then both hands at the same time. Initially, the exercises should contain two to three finger figures, then their number can increase.
During games, it is necessary to take into account the individual characteristics of children, age, mood, desire and capabilities. The main thing is that the game is fun. A very useful guide to the development of fine motor skills in children is “Finger Steps” by E.Yu. Timofeeva. These are exciting tasks that not only prepare a child’s hand for writing, but also develop his memory, attention, visual-spatial perception, imagination, observation, which, in turn, contributes to the development of speech. These exercises, offered to children in a playful way, are also important because in the process of work the child has the opportunity to emotionally communicate with an adult.
2.3.Development of fine motor skills with the help of available materials.
The most important thing is that in order to play with a child, we do not need to buy anything special - we have everything at hand.
Counters, cotton swabs, buttons and acorns.
By playing with small objects (under the careful supervision of adults), children develop not only fine motor skills, but also spatial and imaginative thinking, tactile sensitivity and their creative abilities.
Counting sticks, cotton swabs, acorns and buttons can be used to lay out various designs, either randomly or according to a pattern. Moreover, all these items can be combined in one drawing. It is better to start with simple geometric shapes - square, triangle, rhombus, sun, gradually complicating the games. Matches and cotton swabs make good stars, hedgehogs, cars, Christmas trees, and any shapes that have a lot of straight lines. First, the teacher lays out the drawing, because the child needs to be interested. Then we gradually connect the child.
If the drawing is complex, you can first draw its diagram on paper. All these items are also successfully combined with wheels, ropes, and caps. If you use colored paper and place them on glue, you will get a wonderful applique. Buttons can perfectly replace balls, wheels, eyes, windows, and Christmas tree decorations in a drawing. Counting sticks are also quite suitable for crafts made from plasticine and acorns; they can be a fastening element for dogs, people, and caterpillars.
Even the youngest children (3 years old) will benefit from sorting through buttons - taking them out of the box and putting them back. For greater security, buttons of various colors and sizes should be attached to a rigid, strong fishing line. Such a toy can serve as both a counting material and a visual aid for learning color, counting and size.
Jars, bottles, tubes, and bubbles are also one of children's favorite “toys.” It is much more interesting to put everything in transparent jars - everything is visible. Small jars can be used to teach a child how to pour cereals and pour liquids.
The child gets great pleasure from unscrewing and tightening the lids. For this purpose, we use a cleanly washed tube of cream, an unbreakable bottle. You can pour cereals (buckwheat, peas, millet) or seeds or small nuts into the jar.
Cereals, salt. Regular cereal hides a huge number of opportunities for developing fine motor skills. Fine grains and salt can be used for finger painting. To do this, pour the cereal onto a tray in an even layer. First, an adult draws, showing samples. The main thing is to interest and captivate. Let's run our finger over the grain. The result is a bright contrasting line. Then we take the child's finger. Let him draw a few chaotic lines himself. When the child gets comfortable, you can move on to drawing patterns. First the teacher draws, then he tries it himself. You can draw anything: chaotic lines, houses, circles, fences, clouds, spirals, faces.
You can study shapes, letters and numbers. It is best to do drawing on the floor, on oilcloth, or on a table. Large grains (buckwheat, peas, beans) can be used to lay out pictures, as well as matches, buttons and cotton swabs. Accordingly, it is also suitable for applications. The most interesting way to pour the cereal is in a transparent container.
Zippers, laces, ties, ropes, fasteners. We often buy educational toys, lacing, and tablets specifically for training fine motor skills, which consist of all kinds of zippers, fasteners, and ties. But why buy if there are buckles on every belt and shoes, laces on shoes, buttons, hooks and zippers on clothes... We show the purpose of these items on real clothes, teach self-service. Both girls and boys enjoy learning how to weave braids from ribbons, laces and ropes, how to tie and untie knots, and fasten buckles. Exercises with these items of clothing attract special attention from children.
In addition, children love to try on adults’ shoes on their own, as well as put on hats and tie scarves - we give the child the opportunity to dress himself.
Paper, newspapers, magazines, foil - you can cut it out, you can crush it, tear it, you can make three-dimensional figures from paper.
Towels, rags, bags. Here we again train tactile perception. After all, towels and rags made from different fabrics can have completely different structures.
The dough can be used instead of plasticine - a wonderful material for modeling! It wrinkles easily, gets dirty less, and it won’t be a big deal if a child accidentally swallows a piece. A thin, rolled out layer of dough can be used as the basis for a picture from any available material - buttons, acorns, matches, cereals, ropes, threads, wire seeds, twigs, etc. Kneading dough is a fun and useful activity.
Pompoms, balls. Pom poms are wonderful little balls! If you come off the hat, don’t rush to throw it away. We come up with a lot of exciting games with them. You can simply use it as a ball - throwing, catching, and crushing it is a pleasure. You can play cups with him. We take several identical cups, cover the pompom with one and swap the cups. The children are trying to find it. You can roll on a smooth inclined surface and learn colors and counting using them. If you are interested in the ball - great! You can also use broken technical devices (regular and cell phones, calculators) in children's games. Children like real objects much more than toys.
These are fun and exciting ways to ensure the development of fine motor skills in everyday life in an institution, and therefore an opportunity to avoid many unpleasant moments in a child’s school life.
2.4. Finger theater for the development of fine motor skills in a child.
This is an excellent material for developing children's imagination, thinking and speech. Finger theater promotes the development of fine motor skills. During games, children, repeating the movements of adults, activate hand motor skills. With the help of this, dexterity is developed, the ability to control one’s movements, and concentrate attention on one type of activity.
Games with little characters allow you to stimulate speech activity, since all the warmth, originality, and brightness put into the figurine by the author draws the child into a fairy-tale world, helping to remove various blocks. Play is a natural means of self-expression for a child, and the use of symbolic materials helps him distance himself from problematic (difficult) situations.
Finger puppets, “coming to life” on the finger, will not let your child get bored and will keep you company during a walk, visiting a clinic or on the road. Finger puppets will not take up much space and will help entertain your baby.
The uniqueness of the finger theater lies in the fact that these are handmade creations. Finger puppets are made with soul and carry creative energy that can be transferred to the one who holds them in their hands.
2.5. Development of fine motor skills through drawing, modeling, as well as non-traditional types of visual activities.
Coloring is one of the easiest activities to do. At the same time, it continues to be a means of developing coordinated actions of the visual and motor analyzers and strengthening the motor apparatus of the writing hand. It is necessary to teach children to paint carefully, without going beyond the contours of the depicted objects, evenly applying the desired color. In the process of drawing, children not only develop general ideas and creativity, deepen their emotional relationship to reality, but also form elementary graphic skills that are so necessary for the development of manual dexterity and mastering writing. By drawing, children learn to properly handle graphic material and master various visual techniques; they develop fine muscles of the hand. You can draw with black and colored pencils, felt-tip pen, chalk, watercolors, and gouache. Drawing with different materials requires different degrees of pressure in order to leave a mark on the paper from the writing object. This also contributes to the development of manual skills.
A good place to start is:
- outlining flat figures. You can trace anything: the bottom of a glass, an inverted saucer, your own palm, a flat toy, etc. Cookie or muffin tins are especially suitable for this purpose;
-drawing by reference points;
- completing the second half of the drawing;
- drawing according to the sample, without taking your hands off the paper.
Modeling from plasticine, clay and salt dough. You can make single parts or several at once and combine them into compositions. You can sculpt small parts yourself, and your baby can assemble the finished composition.
-make sausages, rings, balls; We cut the plasticine sausage with a plastic knife into many small pieces, and then mold the pieces again. From each small piece we make a cake or a coin. (You can press a real coin or a flat toy onto the cake to make an imprint.)
- we paste over jars, twigs, etc. with the resulting cakes. Laying out a given pattern from plasticine with balls, sausages on plywood or a sheet of cardboard.
- pasting a glass bottle with plasticine and giving it the shape of a vase, teapot, etc.
- modeling of geometric shapes, numbers, letters.
Visual activities using non-traditional techniques and materials contribute to the development of the child: fine motor skills and tactile perception; spatial orientation on a sheet of paper; eye and visual perception; attention and perseverance; visual skills and abilities; observation and aesthetic responsiveness. Children are happy to complete such tasks, because they are capable of them, and the children see the result of their work immediately
The availability of using non-traditional techniques is determined by the age characteristics of preschoolers. You should start working in this direction with such techniques as drawing with your palm, fingers, tearing paper, and in older preschool age these same techniques are complemented by an artistic image created using more complex ones: blotography, monotype. There are a great many non-traditional artistic techniques:
-imprint (with cork, foam rubber, potato stamps, eraser, leaves, etc.);
-watercolor + wax crayons, candle;
- black and white and color scratch paper;
-blotography with a tube and a thread;
- spray;
- plasticineography;
- poke (with a hard brush, semi-dry, with a broom);
-watercolor crayons, sanguine;
-landscape monotype;
- drawing with multi-colored foam, cardboard;
-batik;
- isothread; using various bases (paper, semolina, plexiglass).
etc.
2.6. Graphic exercises for developing fine motor skills in children.
Graphic activity promotes better orientation in the two-dimensional space of a sheet of paper and prepares the child’s hand for learning to write. It is important that graphic tasks have figurative and semantic significance. For this purpose, objects such as waves, rainbows, puffs of smoke, and fish scales are selected for drawing. Here you can take the task of completing the missing details of flowers and objects, tracing patterns, shading and coloring outline images, pictures in coloring albums. A gradual transition to working according to a given action pattern is provided, for example: “Draw waves, large and small, three large waves and three small ones.” Then the work of completing the drawing of ornaments and labyrinths becomes more complicated. The child gains experience in graphic movements by performing various types of shading, drawing, copying drawings, tracing contours along dots and dotted lines, drawing ornaments in cells. At the same time, the correct methods of action are taught: to draw a line from top to bottom and from left to right; hatch evenly, without spaces, without going beyond the outline.
Hatching.Tasks with shading are performed on unlined paper. Helps prepare the hand for writing. The child should try not to lift the pen from the paper and not interrupt the lines. The ability to freely draw smooth lines from left to right is important when developing handwriting. Hatching, as one of the easiest types of graphic activity, is introduced to a large extent for children to learn the hygienic rules necessary for writing. Coloring drawings involves four types of shading, which ensure gradual development and strengthening of the small muscles of the hand and the development of movement coordination.
Types of shading:
coloring with short, frequent strokes;
coloring with small strokes with return;
centric hatching (circular hatching from the center of the picture);
hatching in long parallel segments.
Hatching rules:
Hatch only in the specified direction.
Do not go beyond the contours of the figure.
Keep the lines parallel.
Do not bring the strokes closer together, the distance between them should be 0.5 cm
When performing shading, you must follow the rules: do not go beyond the contours of the figure, maintain parallelism of the lines and the distance between them (0.3 - 0.5 cm). It is recommended to first hatch with short and frequent strokes, then introduce centric hatching, and only at the last stage is hatching with long parallel segments possible. During the first attempts at hatching, the hand quickly gets tired, children press hard on the pencil, there is no coordination of fingers, but the work itself is exciting and the child returns to her himself. From the drawings you can trace the improvement of the muscular apparatus. For shading, you can use pencils and colored pencils, felt-tip pens and colored pens. To develop accuracy and confidence in hand movements, games are used in which children need to draw parallel lines in a certain direction:
Game “From house to house”. The child’s task is to connect houses of the same color and shape with precise straight lines. The child first draws a line simply with his finger, choosing a direction, then with a felt-tip pen. When drawing lines, children accompany the actions with the words “From house to house.”
Game “All kinds of labyrinths”. Various labyrinths are drawn for the child. Let him “go through” them with a pencil. To prevent the activity from getting boring, it is best to explain what kind of labyrinth this is, where it leads, and who should go through it. (“This labyrinth is in the Snow Queen’s castle, it is made of ice. Gerda must walk through it without touching the walls, otherwise she will freeze.”)
Tracing any inserts from the Montessori frames and inserts series is useful for hand development, and shading them is no less useful. Each figure should be hatched at a different angle of inclination and with varying degrees of line density. It’s good if the shading turns out to be of varying degrees of intensity: from pale, barely noticeable, to dark.
Grid shading is also useful. In all cases, the child needs samples.
Drawing ornaments. Drawing ornaments on checkered sheets (graphic exercises) develops motor dexterity well, first with a simple pencil, then with colored pencils. You can perform such exercises from 5 to 6 years old. Children engage in this kind of drawing with interest. When the child’s hand gets a little stronger, the drawings he makes become neater and more beautiful. There is no need to force the child to draw ornaments. Try to interest him in this activity.
Conclusion.
The level of development of fine motor skills is one of the indicators of the intellectual development of a preschooler. Typically, a child who has a high level of development of fine motor skills can reason logically, has sufficiently developed memory and attention, and coherent speech. Teachers note that preschoolers with impairments in fine motor skills often experience serious difficulties in mastering writing skills when entering first grade. Writing is a complex skill that involves making fine, coordinated movements of the hand.
There are a lot of tasks and exercises aimed at developing fine motor skills. If you wish, especially if you use your imagination and imagination, you can come up with them endlessly. And the main thing here is to take into account the individual characteristics of each child, his age, mood, desire and capabilities. Fingers will not become skillful right away. Games and exercises, finger exercises, carried out systematically from a very early age, help children confidently hold a pencil and pen, braid their hair and lace their shoes independently, build from small construction parts, sculpt from clay and plasticine, etc.
Thus, if the fingers develop, the child’s speech and thinking will develop.
Work on the development of a child’s hand should be carried out in close contact with parents. This will help you achieve the desired result faster.
List of used literature.
Vorobyova L.V. Educational games for preschoolers. St. Petersburg, Litera Publishing House, 2006.
Losev P., Plutaeva E. “Preschool education.” Development of fine motor skills in children 5-7 years old. No. 3,5,6 2005.
Kalinina T.V. Finger games and exercises for children 2-7 years old. Publishing house "Teacher", Volgograd, 2008.
Sinitsyna E. “Smart fingers” Moscow, publishing house “List”, 1999.
Timofeeva E.Yu. Finger steps. Exercises for the development of fine motor skills" St. Petersburg, publishing house "Corona-Vek", 2007.
Stefanova N.L. Development of fine motor skills and speech in children 3-7 years old. Diagnostic journal. Volgograd, Uchitel Publishing House, 2011.
We bring to your attention children's games aimed at developing fine motor skills in children of early and preschool age using objects and materials that are within walking distance. This will not only save the family budget, but also spend more time with the child.
Games for children 0+
Massage of the hand and fingers. For greater effect, massage with nursery rhymes, for example, “Magpie-Crow”;
Let your child feel objects with different textures, sizes and temperatures: pieces of ice, a walnut, a prickly rubber ball, a warm metal bowl, a fur hat, etc.). To stimulate tactile sensations, do.
Homemade photo frames with materials of different textures are an excellent tool for massaging children's palms.
Tie different pieces of fabric, ribbons, pompoms, etc. to the hoop. The game evokes a grasping reflex and encourages the baby to take active actions while lying on his stomach. These movements strengthen the muscles of the hands and fingers and promote the development of fine motor skills.
Suggest threading large pasta onto straws/skewers.
WE RECOMMEND
Teach your child to make balls and sausages from plasticine, and then flatten them with your finger, show that you can draw on plasticine with a toothpick or special tools.
Play finger games or finger theater, for example, based on the fairy tale Little Red Riding Hood (printable template).
Place small toys or any small objects in a bowl of water, and offer to catch them with your hands, a spoon or a strainer.
Games for children 4+
Using a thread and a needle, make beads from rowan berries, small pasta, foil balls or real beads. Pasta can be pre-colored.
To develop fine motor skills, practice winding yarn into a ball or winding thread onto a spool.
Make lacing with your own hands (templates): cut out the contours of any object (car, cloud, apple) from cardboard, make holes along the contour using a hole punch, tie a bright thick thread to the ear stick and show what needs to be done. Surprisingly, children are much more interested in such homemade lacing than their store-bought counterparts.
Think over the menu in such a way as to involve your child in cooking as much as possible: let him whisk, peel boiled eggs, cut a banana, etc.
Practice tying bows, different types of knots, braiding hair and tying shoes.
Helps develop fine motor skills:
Games with all kinds of tweezers. For example, you need to arrange the beads on a soap stand using tweezers. 
Games with a pipette. We offer a game with Lego blocks. The challenge for children is to fill each hole with water as much as possible without spilling a drop.
Pasting small stickers.
Working with scissors. Play hair salon.
Modeling. See activity ideas.
Games with rubber bands (for weaving bracelets). See how to make an educational game “Math Tablet”.
Puzzles. You can take simple photos yourself.
Mosaic. Especially, children will love to do
Screwing the lids. For example, you need to select lids for jars.
Lego and other construction kits with small parts.
All kinds of transfusion of liquids and pouring of bulk materials from one container to another.
Creative activity using a figured hole punch (c, c).
Exercise equipment for developing fine motor skills
Educational game “Developing basic skills” (c, c).
The “Developing Essential Skills” board is both a puzzle and a frame with clasps. It will help your baby learn how to fasten buttons, belts, zippers, and lace shoes. In addition, during the game, hand motor skills and logical thinking develop.
Book-simulator “I dress myself” (in, in, in).
The training book “I Dress Myself” will help your child develop fine motor skills, speech skills and independence. Your baby will learn to: tie shoelaces, fasten zippers, buttons, Velcro and buckles.
Book-simulator “I dress myself” (in, in, in).
Set of 6 exercise machines (on)
With the help of simulators, the child will learn to lace up, unfasten and fasten buttons, rivets, zippers, buckles, and practice tying bows.
Books on developing fine motor skills
We offer a selection of useful and exciting books for children that will help develop the skills necessary to master writing. (Click on the image for details).
Workbooks for the development of fine motor skills
Publishing house "I can":
Publishing house "Prof-Press":
Publishing house "Clover Media Group":
Albums for the development of fine motor skills
Recipes for kids
More ideas for games to develop fine motor skills can be seen in!
Do not forget that in addition to exercises for developing the muscles of the hand, it is important to regularly train the muscles of the forearms and shoulders, because writing is a monotonous process in which the whole hand is involved, and not just the fingers, and long-term writing at school will be easier for a trained child. Therefore, do not forget about active walks, ball games, banal exercises, and exercises in the pool.
